PCB ( buga kewaye hukumar ) wiring yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin da’irori masu saurin gudu. Wannan takarda galibi tana tattaunawa ne game da matsalar wayoyi na da’irori masu saurin gudu daga mahangar aiki. Babban maƙasudin shine don taimaka wa sababbin masu amfani su fahimci batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar yin la’akari da su yayin ƙira ƙirar PCB don da’irori masu saurin gudu. Wata manufar ita ce samar da kayan shakatawa don abokan cinikin da ba a fallasa su ga wayoyin PCB na ɗan lokaci ba. Saboda ƙarancin sarari, ba zai yiwu a rufe dukkan batutuwan dalla -dalla a cikin wannan labarin ba, amma za mu tattauna mahimman sassan da ke da babban tasiri kan haɓaka aikin kewaye, rage lokacin ƙira, da adana lokacin gyara.

Yadda ake tsara PCB daga mahangar aiki

Although the focus here is on circuits related to high speed operational amplifiers, the problems and methods discussed here are generally applicable to wiring for most other high speed analog circuits. Lokacin da amplifiers na aiki ke aiki a cikin madaidaitan mitar rediyo (RF), aikin da’irar yafi dogara da wayoyin PCB. Abin da yayi kama da kyakkyawan ƙirar kewaya mai kyau a kan “allon zana” na iya ƙarewa da aikin matsakaici idan yana fama da wayoyin tarko. Yin la’akari da hankali ga mahimman bayanai a duk lokacin aikin wayoyin zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da aikin da’irar da ake so.

Tsarin zane mai zane

Kodayake kyawawan dabaru ba sa ba da garantin wayoyi masu kyau, wayoyi masu kyau suna farawa da kyakkyawan tsari. The schematic diagram must be carefully drawn and the signal direction of the entire circuit must be considered. Idan kuna da al’ada, madaidaiciyar siginar kwarara daga hagu zuwa dama a cikin makirci, yakamata kuyi daidai da kwararar sigina akan PCB. Bayar da bayanai masu amfani sosai gwargwadon iko akan tsarin. Because sometimes the circuit design engineer is not available, the customer will ask us to help solve the problem of the circuit. The designers, technicians and engineers who do this work will be very grateful, including us.

Bayan abubuwan ganowa na yau da kullun, yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, da haƙurin kurakurai, wane ƙarin bayani ya kamata a bayar a cikin tsari? Anan akwai wasu shawarwari don juyar da ƙirar talakawa zuwa tsarin ƙira na farko. Ƙara siginar igiyar ruwa, bayanai na inji game da harsashi, tsayin layin da aka buga, yanki mara kyau; Nuna waɗanne abubuwan da ake buƙatar sanyawa akan PCB; Bayar da bayanin daidaitawa, kewayon ƙimar kayan, bayanin watsa zafi, sarrafa lahani da aka buga, bayanin kula, taƙaitaccen bayanin aikin kewaye … (a tsakanin wasu).

Kada ku yarda da kowa

Idan ba ku zayyana wayoyinku ba, ku tabbata ku ba da damar lokaci mai yawa don duba ƙirar kebul ɗin. Ƙananan rigakafin yana da daraja sau ɗari na magani anan. Kada ku yi tsammanin mutumin da ke kebul ɗin zai fahimci abin da kuke tunani. Shigar da ku da jagorarku sun fi mahimmanci a farkon tsarin ƙirar wayoyi. Ƙarin bayani da za ku iya bayarwa da ƙarin shigar da ku cikin tsarin wayoyi, mafi kyawun PCB zai zama sakamakon. Set a tentative completion point for the cabling design engineer – a quick check of the cabling progress report you want. Wannan hanyar “rufaffiyar madauki” tana hana wayoyi ɓacewa don haka yana rage yiwuwar sake yin aiki.

Umurni ga injiniyoyin wayoyi sun haɗa da: ɗan taƙaitaccen bayanin ayyukan kewaye, zane -zanen PCB da ke nuna shigarwa da matsayin fitarwa, bayanan rakodin PCB (misali, yadda kaurin jirgin yake, yadudduka da yawa, cikakkun bayanai na kowane siginar siginar da jirgi mai saukar ungulu – amfani da wuta , ƙasa, analog, dijital da siginar RF); The layers need those signals; Ana buƙatar sanya mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa; The exact location of the bypass element; Which printed lines are important; Waɗanne layuka suna buƙatar sarrafa lahani da aka buga; Wadanne layuka suke buƙatar daidaita tsayin; Dimensions of components; Wadanne layukan da aka buga suna buƙatar zama nesa (ko kusa) da juna; Waɗanne layuka suna buƙatar yin nesa (ko kusa) da juna; Waɗanne ɓangarori suna buƙatar kasancewa kusa da (ko kusa) juna; Wadanne abubuwan da yakamata a sanya su a saman kuma wanne a kasan PCB? Never complain about having to give someone too much information — too little? Shin; Yi yawa? Ba a kowane.

Darasi ɗaya na koyo: Kimanin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, na ƙera katako mai hawa saman bene-allon yana da ɓangarori biyu. An kulle faranti zuwa harsashi na zinare na zinare (saboda tsananin ƙayyadaddun bayanai). Fil ɗin da ke ba da ciyarwar son zuciya ta hanyar jirgin. An haɗa fil ɗin zuwa PCB ta waya mai walda. Na’ura ce mai sarkakiya. Some of the components on the board are used for test setting (SAT). But I’ve defined exactly where these components are. Kuna iya tunanin inda aka sanya waɗannan abubuwan? A karkashin hukumar, ta hanyar. Injiniyoyin samfur da masu fasaha ba sa farin ciki lokacin da za su raba komai gaba ɗaya su haɗa tare bayan sun gama saita shi. Ban yi wannan kuskuren ba tun daga lokacin.

location

Kamar yadda a cikin PCB, wuri shine komai. Inda aka sanya kewaya akan PCB, inda aka sanya takamaiman abubuwan da ke kewaye, da abin da sauran da’irar ke kusa da shi duk suna da mahimmanci.

Yawanci, shigarwar, fitarwa da matsayin samar da wutar lantarki an riga an ƙaddara, amma kewayon tsakanin su yana buƙatar zama “ƙira”. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kulawa da cikakkun bayanai na wayoyi na iya biyan babbar riba. Fara tare da wurin mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, la’akari da kewaye da duk PCB. Bayyana wurin mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da hanyar sigina daga farkon yana taimakawa tabbatar da cewa ƙirar tana aiki kamar yadda aka nufa. Samun ƙira daidai a karon farko yana rage farashi da damuwa – kuma don haka hawan keke na haɓaka.

Kewaya wutar lantarki

Kewaya gefen wutar lantarki don rage amo shine muhimmin al’amari na tsarin ƙirar PCB-duka don amplifiers mai aiki da sauri da sauran da’irori masu sauri. There are two common configurations of bypass high speed operational amplifiers.

Ƙarfin wutar lantarki: Wannan hanyar tana da inganci sosai a yawancin lokuta, ta amfani da maƙallan shunt masu yawa don karkatar da fil ɗin wutar op. Two shunt capacitors are generally sufficient – but adding shunt capacitors may be beneficial for some circuits.

Daidaita masu haɓakawa tare da ƙimar capacitance daban -daban yana taimakawa tabbatar da cewa fil ɗin samar da wutar lantarki yana ganin ƙarancin ƙarancin AC kawai akan babban faɗin. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a ƙirar ƙirar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki (PSR). Capacitor ɗin yana taimakawa rama ragin PSR na amplifier. Grounding paths that maintain low impedance over many tenx ranges will help ensure that harmful noise does not enter the operational amplifier. Hoto na 1 yana nuna fa’idodin amfani da kwantena na lantarki da yawa. A ƙananan mitoci, manyan capacitors suna ba da ƙarancin isasshen ƙasa. Amma da zarar mitar ta isa ga mitar su, masu haɓakawa sun zama masu ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma suna ɗaukar ƙarin sha’awar sha’awa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a sami masu haɓakawa da yawa: yayin da amsar mitar capacitor ɗaya ta fara raguwa, amsar mitar sauran capacitor ta zo cikin wasa, don haka tana riƙe da ƙarancin ƙarancin AC akan yawancin octaves goma.

Fara kai tsaye daga maɓallin wuta na amplifier na aiki; Capacitors tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin aiki da ƙaramin girman jiki yakamata a sanya su a gefe ɗaya na PCB azaman amplifier na aiki – kusa da amplifier kamar yadda zai yiwu. Tashar ƙasa ta capacitor za a haɗa ta kai tsaye zuwa jirgin da ke ƙasa tare da mafi guntun fil ko waya da aka buga. Haɗin ƙasa da aka ambata a sama zai kasance kusa da ƙarshen nauyin amplifier kamar yadda zai yiwu don rage tsangwama tsakanin ikon da ƙarshen ƙasa. Hoto 2 yana kwatanta wannan hanyar haɗin.

Yakamata a maimaita wannan tsari don masu ƙaramin ƙarfi. Zai fi kyau farawa tare da ƙaramin ƙarfin 0.01 μF kuma sanya capacitor na lantarki tare da ƙarancin juriya mai jituwa (ESR) na 2.2 μF (ko fiye) kusa da shi. Capacitor na 0.01 withF tare da girman mazugi 0508 yana da ƙarancin shigarwar jerin abubuwa da kyakkyawan aiki mai yawa.

Ƙarfi-zuwa-iko: Wani sanyi yana amfani da ɗaya ko fiye masu haɓaka keɓaɓɓun abubuwan haɗin da aka haɗa tsakanin ingantattun da ƙarshen ikon wutar ƙaramar aiki. Sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan hanyar lokacin da yake da wahala a daidaita capacitors huɗu a cikin da’irar. Rashin hasara shine girman gidan capacitor na iya ƙaruwa saboda ƙarfin lantarki a saman capacitor ya ninka ƙimar hanyar kewaya guda ɗaya. Ƙara ƙarfin lantarki yana buƙatar haɓaka ƙimar fashewar ƙimar na’urar, wanda ke nufin haɓaka girman mahalli. Koyaya, wannan hanyar tana iya haɓaka PSR da aikin murdiya.

Saboda kowane da’irar da wayoyi daban -daban ne, daidaitawa, lamba, da ƙimar capacitance na capacitors zai dogara ne akan buƙatun ainihin kewaye.

Illolin parasitic

Illolin parasitic sune glitches a zahiri waɗanda ke kutsawa cikin PCB ɗin ku kuma suna lalata bala’i, ciwon kai, da ɓarna da ba a bayyana ba akan kewaya. Waɗannan su ne ɓoyayyun abubuwan da ke ɓoye na parasitic capacitors da inductors waɗanda ke shiga cikin da’irori masu saurin gudu. Wanne ya haɗa da shigarwar parasitic ta hanyar kunshin kunshin da buga waya da tsayi; Parasitic capacitance kafa tsakanin kushin zuwa ƙasa, kushin zuwa ikon jirgin sama da kushin don buga layi; Mu’amala tsakanin ramuka, da sauran tasirin da yawa.