Ma nā ʻano ʻenehana hou, ke ulu nei ka honua me ka wikiwiki loa, a hiki ke maʻalahi i kona mana i loko o kā mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā. Ua loli nui ke ala a mākou e ola nei a ua alakaʻi kēia mua ʻenehana i nā hāmeʻa holomua i manaʻo ʻole ʻia he 10 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ke kumu o kēia mau hāmeʻa he ʻenehana uila, a ʻo ke kumu papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia (PCB).

He ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau kahi PCB a he kino paʻa me nā ʻenehana uila like ʻole ma luna. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mea i ka PCB i kahi hana i kapa ʻia ʻo “PCB hui” a i ʻole PCBA. Aia ka PCB i kahi substrate i hana ʻia i ka fiberglass, nā keleawe keleawe e hana i ke kuhi, nā puka e hana i ka mea, a me nā papa i hiki i loko a i waho. Ma RayPCB, hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā papa he 1-36 no nā PROTOTYPES maha a me 1-10 mau papa no nā nui o PCB no ka hana nui. No ka PCBS ʻaoʻao ʻelua a ʻaoʻao ʻelua, aia kahi papa waho akā ʻaʻohe ʻāpana o loko.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka substrate a me nā ʻāpana me ka film solder a paʻa pū ʻia me ka epoxy resin.Hiki i ka mask kuʻihao ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo, polū a ʻulaʻula paha, e like me ka maʻa mau i nā kala PCB. E ʻae ka mask mask i ka mea e hōʻalo i ka pōkole ʻana i ke ala a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā keleawe keleawe e hoʻolilo i nā hōʻailona uila mai kahi kiko a i kahi ʻē aʻe ma kahi PCB. Hiki i kēia mau hōʻailona ke hōʻailona wikiwiki wikiwiki a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻailona analog discrete. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia mau uea i mānoanoa i mea e hāʻawi ai i ka mana / mana no ka lako o ka mana.

I ka hapanui o PCBS e hāʻawi i ka volta kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole i kēia manawa, aia kahi mokulele pae kaʻawale. Pili nā mea ma ka papa luna i ka mokulele GND kūloko a i ʻole ka papa hōʻailona kūloko ma o “Vias”.

Akoakoa nā mea ma ka PCB e hiki ai i ka PCB ke hana e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana. ʻO ka mea nui ka hana PCB. ʻOiai ʻaʻole kau pololei ʻia nā mea pale SMT liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole ʻoki ʻia nā ala liʻiliʻi mai ka PCB, ʻaʻole holo paha ka PCB. No laila, he mea nui e hoʻākoakoa i nā mea i kahi ala kūpono. Kapa ʻia ka PCB ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea he PCBA a i ʻole PCB hui.

Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā kikoʻī i wehewehe ʻia e ka mea kūʻai a mea hoʻohana paha, paʻakikī a maʻalahi paha ka hana o ka PCB. Hoʻololi pū ka nui PCB e like me nā koi.

Loaʻa i ke kaʻina hui PCB nā kaʻina hana a me nā kaʻina hana, a mākou e kūkākūkā ai.

Papa PCB a me ka hoʻolālā

E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, nui nā papa hōʻailona ma waena o nā papa o waho. I kēia manawa e kūkākūkā mākou i nā ʻano o nā papa o waho a me nā hana.

Hoʻomaopopo i ke kaʻina hui papa PCB a ʻike i ka nani ʻōmaʻomaʻo o PCBD

1 – Substrate: ʻO kēia kahi pā ʻoʻoleʻa i hana ʻia me nā mea FR-4 kahi e “piha” a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻoʻoleʻa no ka PCB.

2- Pā keleawe: hoʻopili ʻia ka pepa keleawe lahilahi i ka luna a me ka lalo o ka PCB e hana i ka keleawe luna a me lalo.

3-mask mask: hoʻopili ʻia ia i nā papa luna a me lalo o ka PCB. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia e hana i nā wahi alakaʻi ʻole o ka PCB a hoʻopaʻa i nā keleawe keleawe mai kekahi i kekahi e pale aku i nā kaapuni pōkole. Hōʻalo nō hoʻi ka makaʻi kuʻihao i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana i makemake ʻole ʻia a hōʻoia i ke komo ʻana o ka solder i kahi no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, e like me nā lua a me nā pads. Hoʻopili kēia mau lua i ka mea THT i ka PCB ʻoiai e hoʻohana ʻia ka PAD e paʻa i ka mea SMT.

4- Pākuʻi: ʻO nā lepili keʻokeʻo a mākou e ʻike nei ma PCBS no nā code wae, e like me R1, C1 a i ʻole kekahi wehewehe ma PCBS a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻailona o ka ʻoihana, hana ʻia i nā papa pale. Hāʻawi ka papa pale i ka ʻike nui e pili ana i ka PCB.

Aia he 3 ʻano o PCBS e like me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi substrate

1- PCB ʻoʻoleʻa:

ʻO PCB ka hapa nui o nā hāmeʻa PCB a mākou e ʻike ai ma nā ʻano PCB. ʻO kēia PCBS paʻakikī, paʻakikī a paʻa hoʻi, me nā mānoanoa like ʻole. ʻO ka mea nui ka fiberglass a i ʻole “FR4” maʻalahi. Kū ʻo FR4 i ka “flame retarder-4”. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kinai ponoʻī o ka FR-4 e lilo ia i mea pono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hāmeʻa uila uila paʻakikī. ʻO ka FR-4 he mau ʻāpana lahilahi o ka pepa keleawe keleawe ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, i ʻike ʻia he laminate keleawe keleawe ʻia. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā laminate keleawe Fr-4 i nā mea hoʻonui mana, hoʻololi i nā lako mana, servo motor driver, a pēlā aku. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kapa ʻia kahi substrate PCB ʻoʻoleʻa e hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā mīkini home a me nā huahana IT pepa PC phenolic PCB. Mālamalama lākou, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka paʻi. ʻO nā Calculator, nā keyboard a me nāʻiole kekahi o kāna noi.

2- PCB maʻalahi.

Hana ʻia mai nā mea substrate e like me Kapton, hiki i ka PCBS maʻalahi ke kū i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa ʻoiai ka mānoanoa o 0.005 ʻīniha. Hiki ke piʻo maʻalahi a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻopili no ka uila uila, nā monitor LCD a i ʻole nā ​​kamepiula lawe, nā papapihi a me nā kāmela, etc.

3-metal kāna mau ‘ōlelo PCB:

Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi substrate PCB hou aʻe e like me ka aluminika, ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻoluʻolu.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻano PCBS no nā noi e koi ana i nā mea wela e like me nā kukui kiʻekiʻe, nā diode laser, a pēlā aku.

ʻAno ʻenehana hoʻouka:

SMT: Kū ʻo SMT i ka ʻenehana hoʻouka i luna. Liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o nā mea SMT a hele mai i nā pūʻulu like ʻole e like me 0402,0603 1608 no nā mea kūpale. Pēlā nō, no nā ics puni hoʻohui, loaʻa iā mākou SOIC, TSSOP, QFP a me BGA.

He paʻakikī loa ka ʻākoakoa SMT no nā lima kanaka a hiki ke lilo i ke kaʻina hana manawa, no laila hana mua ʻia ia e nā pickup automated a me nā robots hoʻonohonoho.

THT: Kū ʻo THT i ʻenehana puka-lua. Nā mea hana me ke alakaʻi a me nā uea, e like me nā mea pale, nā capacitor, nā inductors, nā PDIP ics, nā mea hoʻololi, nā transistors, IGBT, MOSFET, etc.

Pono e hoʻokomo i nā mea ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka PCB ma kekahi ʻāpana a huki ʻia e ka wāwae ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoki i ka wāwae a wili ʻia. Hana ʻia ka hui THT e ka hoʻopaʻa lima a maʻalahi.

Nā pono hana o ka ʻaha.

Ma mua o ka hana pono ʻana o PCB a me ka kaʻina hui PCB, nānā ka mea hana i ka PCB no nā hemahema a i ʻole nā ​​hewa i loko o ka PCB i hiki ke hana i ka ʻole. Kapa ʻia kēia hana ke kaʻina hana Manufacturing (DFM). Pono nā mea hana e hana i kēia mau hana DFM maʻamau e hōʻoia i PCB kīnā ʻole.

1- Nānā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho pono: Ma o nā puka e pono e nānā ʻia no nā ʻāpana me ka polarity. E like me nā capacitor electrolytic pono e nānā i ka polarity, diode anode a me ka cathode polarity check, SMT tantalum capacitor polarity check. Pono e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao IC / poʻo poʻo.

Pono ke kumumanaʻo e koi ana i ka pulu wela i lawa ka hakahaka e lawa ai nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻole e pā ka puhi wela.

2-Hole a ma waena o ka lua ākea:

ʻO ke ākea ma waena o nā lua a ma waena o nā lua a me nā kuhi e nānā pono ʻia. Pā a ma o ka puka ʻaʻole e hoʻopili.

3- Lawe ʻia ka pale pale, ka mānoanoa, ka laulā o ka laina.

Ma ka hana ʻana i nā nānā DFM, hiki i nā mea hana ke hōʻemi maʻalahi i nā kumukūʻai hana hana ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā pane ʻoki. E kōkua kēia i ka hoʻokele wikiwiki e ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā hemahema pae DFM. Ma RayPCB, hāʻawi mākou i ka nānā ʻo DFM a me DFT i ka hui kaapuni a me ka prototyping. Ma RayPCB, hoʻohana mākou i nā lako pono o OEM e hoʻolako i nā lawelawe PCB OEM, hoʻowalewale nalu, hoʻāʻo kāleka PCB a me ka hui SMT.

Ke kaʻina hana PC-PC (PCBA) i kēlā me kēia kaʻina:

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: E noi i ka paʻi solder me ka anakuhi

ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻopili mākou i ka paʻi solder i kahi o ka PCB e kū pono i ka mea. Hana ʻia kēia ma ke noi ʻana i ka paʻi solder i ka anakuhi kila kila. Mālama pū ʻia ke anakuhi a me ka PCB e kahi mīkini mechanical, a hoʻopili kaulike ʻia ka paʻi solder i nā puka āpau i ka papa ma o ka mea noi. E noi kaulike me ka mea hoʻopili. No laila, pono e hoʻohana i ka paʻi solder kūpono i ka mea hoʻopili. Ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka mea noi, e noho ka paʻi ma kahi i makemake ʻia o ka PCB. Hana ʻia ka palu palaka 96.5% o ka piʻina, nona ka 3% kālā a me 0.5% keleawe, noa kēpau. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka ʻAnuʻu 3, e hoʻoheheʻe ka paʻi paʻi a hana i kahi paʻa paʻa.

KaʻAnuʻu 2: hoʻonohonoho ‘akomi o na eiiiiiaiou:

ʻO ka ʻanuʻu ʻelua o PCBA e kau akomi i nā ʻāpana SMT ma ka PCB. Hana ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lopako koho a wahi. Ma ka pae hoʻolālā, hana ka mea hoʻolālā i kahi faila a hāʻawi iā ia i ka robot automated. Loaʻa i kēia faile nā ​​hoʻonohonoho X, Y i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia o kēlā me kēia meahana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka PCB a kuhikuhi i kahi o nā ʻāpana āpau. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻike, pono ka lopako e kau pono i ka hāmeʻa SMD ma ka papa. E koho ka lopako koho a me kahi lopako i nā ʻāpana mai kāna mīkini pahū a kau pololei iā lākou ma ka pā solder.

Ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā robotic pickup a me nā mīkini hoʻonohonoho, ʻohi nā ʻenehana i nā mea e hoʻohana ana i nā tweezers a kau iā lākou ma ka PCB e ka nānā pono ʻana i kahi a me ka pale ʻana i nā lima haʻalulu. Loaʻa kēia i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka luhi a me ka hihi ʻike ʻole no nā loea, a alakaʻi i kahi kaʻina hui PCB lohi no nā ʻāpana SMT. No laila kiʻekiʻe ka hiki no ka hewa.

Ke oʻo ʻana o ʻenehana, nā robots automated e ʻohi a hoʻonohonoho i nā mea e hōʻemi i ka hana o nā loea, e hiki ai i ka hoʻokomo wikiwiki a pololei. Hiki i kēia mau robots ke hana ma 24/7 me ka luhi ʻole.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: Reflow welding

ʻO ke kolu o ka hana ma hope o ke hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paʻi solder ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka reflux. ʻO ke kuʻina Reflow ke kaʻina o ke kau ʻana i ka PCB ma kahi kāʻei lawe me nā mea. Hoʻoneʻe ka mea lawe i ka PCB a me nā ʻāpana i kahi umu nui, kahi e hoʻopuka ai kahi mahana o 250 o C. Ua lawa ka mahana e hoʻoheheʻe i ka solder. Hoʻopaʻa ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka mea i ka PCB a hana i ka hui. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, komo ka PCB i ka cooler. Hoʻopaʻa kēia mau mea anuanu i nā hono solder i kahi ʻano kaohi. E hoʻokumu kēia i kahi pilina paʻa ma waena o ka mea SMT a me ka PCB. I ka hihia o ka PCB ʻaoʻao ʻelua, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, e mālama mua ʻia ka ʻaoʻao PCB me nā mea liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha mai nā ʻanuʻu 1 a 3, a laila i kēlā ʻaoʻao.

Hoʻomaopopo i ke kaʻina hui papa PCB a ʻike i ka nani ʻōmaʻomaʻo o PCBD

Pani 4: Nānā maikaʻi a me ka nānā ʻana

Ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka reflow, hiki i ke kuhi hewa ʻole o nā mea ma muli o kekahi neʻe hewa i loko o ka pā PCB, a ʻo ia ka hopena e pōkole a wehe paha i nā pili kaapuni. Pono e ʻike ʻia kēia mau hemahema, a kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ʻike he nānā. Hiki i nā loiloi ke manual a me ka automate.

A. Nānā Manuahi:

Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka SMT o ka PCB, ʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka papa no kekahi hana hewa a hewa ʻole paha e hiki ai i ka luhi o ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻino o ka maka. No laila, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia hana no nā papa SMT ma mua ma muli o nā hopena pololei ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hana i kēia hana no nā pā me nā mea THT a me nā mea ʻūmiʻi haʻahaʻa.

B. ʻImi optical:

Hiki i kēia ala no nā nui o PCBS. Hoʻohana ka hana i nā mīkini automated me ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me nā kāmela hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe i kau ʻia ma nā kihi like ʻole e ʻike i nā hono solder mai nā ʻaoʻao āpau. Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui solder, e hōʻike ka mālamalama i ka hui solder ma nā kihi ʻokoʻa. He wikiwiki loa kēia mīkini ʻimi ʻike (AOI) a hiki ke hana i nā nui he nui o PCBS i kahi manawa pōkole loa.

CX – nānā ray:

Hāʻawi ka mīkini X-ray i nā mea ʻenehana e nānā i ka PCB e ʻike i nā kīnā o loko. ʻAʻole kēia kahi ʻano nānā maʻamau a hoʻohana wale ʻia no PCBS paʻakikī a holomua. Inā hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, hiki i kēia mau ʻano nānā ke hopena i ka hana hou ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o PCB. Pono e mālama pinepine ʻia nā nānā ʻana e hōʻole i ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana, ka hana a me nā koina waiwai.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 5: THT ke keʻena paʻa a me kuʻihao

Maʻa mau nā mea ma o ka puka ma nā papa PCB he nui. Kāhea ʻia kēia mau mea i plated ma o nā lua (PTH). E hele nā ​​alakaʻi o kēia mau mea i nā puka ma ka PCB. Pili kēia mau lua i nā lua ʻē aʻe a ma o nā puka e nā keleawe keleawe. Ke hoʻokomo a hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mea THT i loko o kēia mau lua, pili pili uila lākou i nā puka ʻē aʻe ma ka PCB like me ke kaapuni i hoʻolālā ʻia. Loaʻa paha i kēia PCBS kekahi mau mea THT a me nā ʻāpana SMD he nui, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ka hana kuʻihao i hōʻike ʻia ma luna no nā ʻāpana THT i ka hihia o nā ʻāpana SMT e like me ka welding reflow. No laila nā ʻano nui ʻelua o nā ʻāpana THT i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia paha

A. Manual kuʻihao:

Kūleʻa nā hana kuʻina lima a koi pinepine i ka manawa ma mua o kahi hoʻonohonoho automate no SMT. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia kahi ʻenehana e hoʻokomo i hoʻokahi mea i ka manawa a hāʻawi i ka papa i nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e hoʻokomo ana i kahi mea ʻē aʻe ma ka papa like. No laila, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka papa kaapuni a puni ka laina hui e kiʻi i ka ʻāpana PTH e hoʻopiha ma luna. Lōʻihi kēia i ke kaʻina hana, a he nui nā hoʻolālā PCB a me nā ʻoihana hana e hōʻalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea PTH i kā lākou mau hoʻolālā kaapuni. Akā ʻo ka ʻāpana PTH ka mea punahele a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e nā mea hoʻolālā kaapuni.

B. Weld soldering:

ʻO ka mana automate o ka hoʻopili lima ʻana ka hawewe nalu. I kēia ʻano hana, ke kau ʻia ka mea PTH ma luna o ka PCB, kau ʻia ka PCB ma kahi kāʻei lawe a neʻe i kahi umu hoʻolaʻa. Maʻaneʻi, e ʻalohi nā nalu o ka hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka substrate o ka PCB kahi e loaʻa ai ka mea i alakaʻi ai. E wili koke kēia i nā pine āpau. Eia nō naʻe, hana wale kēia hana me PCBS ʻaoʻao ʻelua a ʻaʻole PCBS ʻaoʻao ʻelua, e like me ka solder i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka PCB hiki ke hōʻino i nā mea i kekahi. Ma hope o kēia, neʻe i ka PCB no ka nānā hope loa.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 6: Nānā hope loa a me nā hoʻokolohua hana

Mākaukau ʻo PCB i kēia manawa no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana. He ho’āʻo hana kēia e hāʻawi ʻia ai nā hōʻailona uila a me ka mana i ka PCB ma nā pine i kuhikuhi ʻia a nānā ʻia ka hopena ma ke kiko hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia a i ʻole ka hoʻopili hoʻopili. Koi ʻia kēia hoʻāʻo e like me nā oscilloscope, nā mīkini uila, a me nā mea hana hana

Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua e nānā i nā ʻano hana a me ka uila o ka PCB a hōʻoia i ke au o kēia manawa, uila, analog a me nā hōʻailona kikoʻī a me nā hoʻolālā kaapuni i ho’ākāka ʻia ma nā koina PCB.

Inā hōʻike kekahi o nā palena o PCB i nā hopena i ʻae ʻole ʻia, e hoʻolei ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia paha ka PCB e like me nā kaʻina hana maʻamau. He mea nui ka pae hoʻāʻo no ka mea hoʻoholo ia i ka kūleʻa a i ʻole kūleʻa o ke kaʻina PCBA holoʻokoʻa.

KaʻAnuʻu 7: ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hope loa, ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻouna ʻana:

I kēia manawa ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka PCB ma nā ʻano āpau a haʻi ʻia he maʻamau, ʻo ka manawa kēia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ke koena o ke koena e makemake ʻole ʻia, ka limu manamana a me ka aila. ʻO ke kila kila ma muli o nā pono hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaomi kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka wai deionized e lawa pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻano lepo āpau. ʻAʻole hōʻino ka wai Deionized i ka pōʻai PCB. Ma hope o ka holoi ʻana, hoʻomaloʻo i ka PCB me ka ea ʻopihia. Ua mākaukau ka PCB hope loa e ʻūlū a hoʻouna.