PCB ( bọọdụ sekit biri ebi ) wiring na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na sekit dị elu. Akwụkwọ a na-ekwukarị maka nsogbu wiring nke sekit dị elu site na echiche dị mma. Ebumnuche bụ isi bụ inyere ndị ọrụ ọhụrụ aka ịmata ọtụtụ okwu dị iche iche nke ekwesịrị ịtụle mgbe ha na-emebe wiwi PCB maka okirikiri ọsọ ọsọ. Ebumnuche ọzọ bụ ịnye ihe na -enye ume ọhụrụ maka ndị ahịa na -ekpughebeghị eriri PCB nwa oge. N’ihi ohere pere mpe, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ikpuchi okwu niile n’ụzọ zuru ezu n’isiokwu a, mana anyị ga -atụle akụkụ ndị nwere mmetụta kachasị ukwuu iji melite arụmọrụ sekit, belata oge imewe, na ịchekwa oge mgbanwe.

Otu esi emepụta PCB site na echiche bara uru

Although the focus here is on circuits related to high speed operational amplifiers, the problems and methods discussed here are generally applicable to wiring for most other high speed analog circuits. Mgbe amplifiers na -arụ ọrụ na -arụ ọrụ na ụdọ redio (RF) dị elu nke ukwuu, arụmọrụ sekit dabere nke ukwuu na eriri PCB. Ihe dị ka ọmarịcha eserese sekit dị elu na “bọọdụ ịse ihe” nwere ike mechaa rụọ ọrụ mediocre ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ata ahụhụ site na eriri na-adịghị ike. Ichebara echiche na nlebara anya na nkọwa dị mkpa n’oge usoro wiring ga-enyere aka hụ na arụmọrụ sekit chọrọ.

Usoro eserese

Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ dị mma anaghị ekwe nkwa ịkwụ ụgwọ dị mma, ezigbo wiwi na -amalite site na atụmatụ dị mma. The schematic diagram must be carefully drawn and the signal direction of the entire circuit must be considered. Ọ bụrụ na ị na -enwe mgbanwerịta, akara ngosi na -aga n’ihu site na aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri na atụmatụ a, ị kwesịrị inwe ọmarịcha akara ngosi na -aga na PCB. Nye ozi bara uru dị ka o kwere mee na schematic. Because sometimes the circuit design engineer is not available, the customer will ask us to help solve the problem of the circuit. The designers, technicians and engineers who do this work will be very grateful, including us.

Ewezuga njirimara ntụnyere aka, oriri ike, na nnagide njehie, kedu ozi ọzọ ekwesịrị inye na atụmatụ? Nke a bụ aro ụfọdụ maka ịtụgharị atụmatụ nkịtị ka ọ bụrụ atụmatụ klaasị nke mbụ. Tinye ifegharị, ozi igwe gbasara shei, ogologo ahịrị e biri ebi, mpaghara oghere; Gosipụta ihe dị mkpa ka etinye na PCB; Nye ozi mmezi, oke uru akụrụngwa, ozi mkpofu ọkụ, akara ahịrị ndị e biri ebi, ndetu, nkọwa ihe omume sekit dị nkenke… (n’etiti ndị ọzọ).

Atụkwasịla onye ọ bụla obi

Ọ bụrụ na ị naghị emepụta wiwi nke gị, jide n’aka na ị ga -enye oge dị ukwuu iji lelee atụmatụ eriri USB ugboro abụọ. Obere mgbochi bara uru otu narị ugboro ọgwụgwọ ebe a. Atụla anya na onye na -anya ụgbọ ala ga -aghọta ihe ị na -eche. Ntinye na ntuzi aka gị kacha mkpa na mbido usoro imebe wiring. Ozi ndị ọzọ ị nwere ike ịnye yana ka ị na -etinyekwu aka na usoro wiring, ka PCB ga -esi ka mma. Set a tentative completion point for the cabling design engineer – a quick check of the cabling progress report you want. Appzọ a “mechiri emechi” na -egbochi wiring ịkpafu wee si otú ahụ belata ohere nke ịrụgharị ọrụ.

Ntuziaka maka ndị injinia wiring gụnyere: nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ọrụ sekit, eserese PCB na -egosi ntinye na ọnọdụ nrụpụta, ozi PCB na -agbakwụnye (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka bọọdụ ahụ dịruru n’ike, ole ọkwa dị, nkọwa nke oyi akwa mgbaama ọ bụla na ụgbọ elu ala – ike oriri , ala, analog, akara dijitalụ na RF); Ahịrị ndị ahụ chọrọ akara ndị ahụ; Na -achọ ntinye nke akụkụ dị mkpa; The exact location of the bypass element; Which printed lines are important; Kedu ahịrị dị mkpa iji chịkwaa ahịrị ndị e biri ebi; Kedu ahịrị ndị ọ ga -adabara ogologo; Akụkụ nke components; Kedu ahịrị ndị ebipụtara kwesịrị ịdị anya (ma ọ bụ dị nso) na ibe ha; Kedu ahịrị kwesịrị ịdị anya (ma ọ bụ dị nso) na ibe ha; Kedu ihe dị mkpa ka edobe ya na (ma ọ bụ nso) ibe ha; Kedu akụkụ nke ekwesịrị ka etinyere n’elu ya na kedu ala PCB? Never complain about having to give someone too much information — too little? Bụ; Nke ukwuu? Ọbụghị ncha ncha.

Otu nkuzi mmụta: Ihe dị ka afọ iri gara aga, ahaziri m bọọdụ sekit elu nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ-bọọdụ ahụ nwere ihe dị n’akụkụ ya abụọ. A na-etinye efere ndị ahụ na shei aluminom ọla edo (n’ihi nkọwa nkọwa siri ike). Ntụtụ ndị na-enye ihe na-esighị ike na-agafe na bọọdụ. A na -ejikọ pin na PCB site na waya ịgbado ọkụ. Ọ bụ ngwaọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Some of the components on the board are used for test setting (SAT). But I’ve defined exactly where these components are. Ị nwere ike maa ebe etinyere ihe ndị a? N’okpuru bọọdụ, n’agbanyeghị. Ndị injinia na ndị na -ahụ maka ngwaahịa anaghị enwe obi ụtọ mgbe ha ga -ekewapụ ihe niile wee dokọta ya ọnụ ka ha rụchara ya. Emehieghị m nke ahụ kemgbe ahụ.

ebe

Dị ka ọ dị na PCB, ọnọdụ bụ ihe niile. Ebe etinyere sekit na PCB, ebe etinyere ihe mejupụtara sekit ya, yana ihe sekit ndị ọzọ dị ya nso dị ezigbo mkpa.

Dị ka ọ na -adị, ọnọdụ ntinye, nrụpụta na ike ọkọnọ eburula ụzọ kpebie, mana okirikiri dị n’etiti ha kwesịrị ” okike ”. Nke a bụ ihe kpatara ị payinga ntị na nkọwapụta nke wires nwere ike ịkwụ nnukwu ụgwọ ọrụ. Malite na ọnọdụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara, tụlee sekit na PCB dum. Ịkọwapụta ọnọdụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara ya na ụzọ akara site na mbido na -enyere aka hụ na imewe ahụ na -arụ ọrụ dịka eburu n’obi. Ịnweta imewe ahụ nke ọma na nke mbụ na -ebelata ọnụ ahịa na nchekasị – ma si otú a na -eto okirikiri mmepe.

Gafere ike ọkọnọ

Ịgabiga akụkụ ike nke ampilifaya iji belata mkpọtụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro nhazi PCB-ma maka amplifiers arụmọrụ dị elu yana okirikiri ọsọ ọsọ ndị ọzọ. There are two common configurations of bypass high speed operational amplifiers.

Ntọala ike: Usoro a na -arụ ọrụ nke ọma n’ọtụtụ oge, na -eji ọtụtụ shunt capacitors tụọ ntụtụ ike op. Two shunt capacitors are generally sufficient – but adding shunt capacitors may be beneficial for some circuits.

Ijikọta capacitors nwere ụkpụrụ ike dị iche iche na -enyere aka hụ na atụdo ọkụ na -ahụ naanị impedance AC dị ala karịa otu. Nke a dị ezigbo mkpa na ugboro mbelata ike nrụpụta ike arụmọrụ (PSR). Ihe nkwado ahụ na -enyere aka kwụọ ụgwọ PSR belatara nke njupụta. Grounding paths that maintain low impedance over many tenx ranges will help ensure that harmful noise does not enter the operational amplifier. Ọgụgụ 1 na -egosi uru dị n’iji ọtụtụ arịa eletriki n’otu oge. Na obere ala, nnukwu capacitors na -enye ohere ikuku impedance dị ala. Mana ozugbo ugboro ugboro rutere ugboro ugboro ha na -ada ụda, ndị na -enye ọkụ na -adị obere ike ma nwekwuo anụ ahụ. Nke a bụ ihe kpatara o ji dị mkpa inwe ọtụtụ capacitors: ka nzaghachi ugboro ugboro nke otu capacitor na-amalite ịbelata, nzaghachi ugboro ugboro nke capacitor nke ọzọ na-abata na-egwu egwu, si otú a na-ejigide ihe mgbochi AC dị ala karịa ọtụtụ octaves iri.

Bido ozugbo site na ntụtụ ike nke ampilifaya arụ ọrụ; Ekwesịrị idobe ndị ikike nwere obere ikike na nha anụ ahụ n’otu akụkụ nke PCB dị ka ihe nrụpụta arụmọrụ – dị nso na ampilifaya dị ka o kwere mee. A ga -ejikọ pịnye dị mkpirikpi ma ọ bụ waya e biri ebi na ọdụ ụgbọ ala nke capacitor. Njikọ njikọ ala a kpọtụrụ aha n’elu ga -adị nso na njedebe ibu nke ampilifaya dị ka o kwere mee iji belata nnyonye anya n’etiti ike na njedebe. Ọgụgụ 2 na -egosi usoro njikọ a.

Ekwesịrị imegharị usoro a maka ndị na -enye ọkụ sublarge. Ọ kacha mma ịmalite site na obere capacitance nke 0.01 μF wee debe onye na -eme ka electrolytic nwee usoro nkwụsi ike dị ala (ESR) nke 2.2 μF (ma ọ bụ karịa) na nso ya. Igwe ọkụ 0.01 μF nwere nha ụlọ 0508 nwere usoro ntinye dị ala yana arụmọrụ ugboro ugboro dị elu.

Ike n’ike: Nhazi ọzọ na-eji otu ma ọ bụ karịa capacitors gafere n’etiti njedebe dị mma na adịghị mma nke ihe nrụpụta ọrụ. A na -ejikarị usoro a mgbe ọ na -esiri ike ịhazi capacitors anọ na sekit. Mwepu bụ na nha ụlọ capacitor nwere ike ịbawanye n’ihi na voltaji gafee capacitor bụ ọnụ ahịa okpukpu abụọ nke otu ụzọ mgbapụ ike. Ịbawanye voltaji na -achọ ịba ụba voltaji nke ngwaọrụ, nke pụtara ịbawanye nha ụlọ. Agbanyeghị, usoro a nwere ike melite PSR na arụmọrụ mgbagọ.

N’ihi na sekit na wiwi ọ bụla dị iche, nhazi, ọnụ ọgụgụ na uru capacitance nke capacitors ga -adabere n’ihe chọrọ sekit n’ezie.

Mmetụta parasitic

Mmetụta parasitic bụ ntụpọ n’ụzọ nkịtị na -abanye na PCB gị wee mebie mbibi, isi ọwụwa, na mbibi a na -akọwaghị na sekit ahụ. Ha bụ ihe nchekwa parasitic capacitors na inductors na-abanye na sekit dị elu. Nke gụnyere inductance parasitic nke pin ngwugwu na waya ebipụtara ogologo; Parasitic capacitance kpụrụ n’etiti mpe mpe akwa n’ala, mpe mpe mpe akwa na mpe mpe akwa ibipụta ahịrị; Mmekọrịta dị n’etiti oghere, na ọtụtụ mmetụta ndị ọzọ enwere ike.