Ubwino wa soldering umakhudza kwambiri khalidwe lonse la PCB. Kudzera soldering, mbali zosiyanasiyana za PCB olumikizidwa kwa zigawo zina zamagetsi kuti PCB ntchito bwino ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga chake. Pamene akatswiri amakampani amawunika momwe zinthu zilili pakompyuta ndi zida, chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pakuwunika ndikutha kugulitsa.

Kunena zowona, kuwotcherera ndikosavuta. Koma izi zimafuna kuti muzichita bwino. Monga momwe mwambi umanenera, “kuchita zinthu kungakhale kwangwiro.” Ngakhale novice amatha kupanga solder yogwira ntchito. Koma kwa moyo wonse ndi ntchito ya zida, ntchito yowotcherera yoyera komanso yaukadaulo ndiyofunikira.

Mu bukhuli, tikuwonetsa zovuta zina zomwe zimachitika panthawi yowotcherera. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za ndalama zopangira solder yabwino, uyu ndiye kalozera wanu.

Kodi cholumikizira chabwino kwambiri cha solder ndi chiyani?

Ndizovuta kuphatikiza mitundu yonse ya zolumikizira za solder pakutanthauzira kokwanira. Kutengera mtundu wa solder, PCB yogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena zigawo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi PCB, olowa bwino a solder angasinthe kwambiri. Komabe, ma solder abwino kwambiri akadali ndi:

Kunyowa kwathunthu

Pamwamba posalala komanso chonyezimira

Kona zokhazikika bwino

Kuti mupeze ma solder abwino, kaya ndi ma SMD solder joints kapena through-hole solder joints, solder yoyenera iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo nsonga yoyenera yachitsulo iyenera kutenthedwa mpaka kutentha koyenera ndikukhala okonzeka kulumikizana ndi PCB. Anachotsa oxide wosanjikiza.

Zotsatirazi ndizovuta komanso zolakwika zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe zimachitika powotcherera ndi ogwira ntchito osadziwa zambiri:

1. Mlatho wowotcherera

PCBs ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu pakompyuta ndi ang’onoang’ono ndi ang’onoang’ono, ndipo n’kovuta kusintha mozungulira PCB, makamaka poyesera solder. Ngati nsonga yachitsulo yomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito ndi yayikulu kwambiri kwa PCB, mlatho wowonjezera ukhoza kupangidwa.

Soldering mlatho amatanthauza pamene zinthu soldering zikugwirizana awiri kapena kuposa zolumikizira PCB. Izi ndi zoopsa kwambiri. Ngati sichidziwika, chikhoza kuchititsa kuti bolodi la dera likhale lalifupi ndikuwotchedwa. Onetsetsani kuti nthawi zonse mumagwiritsa ntchito nsonga yachitsulo yowotchera kuti mupewe milatho ya solder.

2. Solder kwambiri

Oyamba ndi oyamba kumene nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito solder kwambiri akamagulitsa, ndipo mipira ikuluikulu yoboola pakati imapangidwa pamalumikizidwe a solder. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zimawoneka ngati kukula kodabwitsa pa PCB, ngati mgwirizano wa solder ukugwira ntchito bwino, zingakhale zovuta kupeza. Pali malo ambiri olakwika pansi pa mipira ya solder.

Njira yabwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito solder pang’ono ndikuwonjezera solder ngati kuli kofunikira. Chophimbacho chiyenera kukhala choyera momwe zingathere komanso kukhala ndi ngodya zabwino.

3. Cold msoko

Pamene kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kumakhala kotsika kuposa kutentha koyenera, kapena nthawi yotentha ya solder ndi yochepa kwambiri, mgwirizano wozizira wa solder udzachitika. Zozizira zozizira zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino, osokonekera, ngati thumba. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhala ndi moyo waufupi komanso osadalirika. Zimakhalanso zovuta kuwunika ngati zolumikizira zoziziritsa kukhosi zitha kuchita bwino pazomwe zikuchitika kapena kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito a PCB.

4. Node yoyaka moto

Mgwirizano wowotchedwa ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi ozizira. Mwachiwonekere, chitsulo chosungunula chimagwira ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu kuposa kutentha kwabwino kwambiri, zolumikizira za solder zimawonetsa PCB ku gwero la kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena pakadali wosanjikiza wa oxide pa PCB, womwe umalepheretsa kutentha kwabwino. Pamwamba pa olowa ndi kuwotchedwa. Ngati pedi yakwezedwa pa olowa, PCB akhoza kuonongeka ndipo sangathe kukonzedwa.

5. Mwala wapamanda

Poyesera kulumikiza zida zamagetsi (monga ma transistors ndi capacitors) ku PCB, miyala yamanda imawonekera nthawi zambiri. Ngati mbali zonse za chigawocho zikugwirizana bwino ndi mapepala ndi soldered, chigawocho chidzakhala chowongoka.

Kulephera kufika pa kutentha komwe kumafunikira powotchera kungayambitse mbali imodzi kapena zingapo kukweza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe ngati manda. The tombstone kugwa kudzakhudza moyo wa olowa solder ndipo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa pa matenthedwe ntchito PCB.

Mmodzi wa mavuto ambiri amene amachititsa kuti tombstone kusweka pa reflow soldering ndi kutentha mosiyanasiyana mu ng’anjo reflow, zomwe zingachititse kunyowa msanga wa solder m’madera ena a PCB wachibale ndi madera ena. Ovuni yodzipangira yokhayokha nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi vuto la kutentha kosafanana. Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugule zipangizo zamakono.

6. Kunyowetsa kosakwanira

Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zomwe zimachitika ndi oyamba kumene ndi a novices ndi kusowa kwa kunyowa kwazitsulo za solder. M’malo monyowetsedwa bwino solder muli zochepa solder kuposa solder chofunika kugwirizana bwino pakati pa PCB ziyangoyango ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zamagetsi olumikizidwa kwa PCB ndi solder.

Kukowetsa koyipa kolumikizana kudzachepetsa kapena kuwononga magwiridwe antchito a zida zamagetsi, kudalirika ndi moyo wautumiki udzakhala wosauka kwambiri, ndipo ukhoza kuyambitsa dera lalifupi, potero kuwononga PCB. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamene solder yosakwanira imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

7. Lumpha kuwotcherera

Kuwotcherera Kulumpha kungachitike m’manja mwa kuwotcherera makina kapena kuwotcherera osadziwa. Zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Momwemonso, makina opangidwa molakwika amatha kulumpha kulumikizana kwa solder kapena gawo la zida zolumikizirana.

Izi zimasiya dera lotseguka ndikuyimitsa madera ena kapena PCB yonse. Tengani nthawi yanu ndikuyang’ana zolumikiza zonse za solder mosamala.

8. Padi yakwezedwa mmwamba

Chifukwa cha mphamvu yochuluka kapena kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa pa PCB panthawi ya soldering, mapepala pazitsulo za solder adzauka. Padiyo idzakweza pamwamba pa PCB, ndipo pali chiopsezo chafupipafupi, chomwe chingawononge gulu lonse la dera. Onetsetsani kuti mwakhazikitsanso mapepala pa PCB musanayambe kugulitsa zigawozo.

9. Matanda ndi kuwaza

Pamene bolodi la dera likuipitsidwa ndi zonyansa zomwe zimakhudza ndondomeko ya soldering kapena chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira kwa flux, webbing ndi spatter zidzapangidwa pa bolodi la dera. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe osokonekera a PCB, kukumba ndi kuwaza ndi vuto lalikulu lachidule, lomwe lingawononge gulu lozungulira.