1 Introduction

Kusindikizidwa bolodi dera (PCB) kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro kwakhala nkhani yovuta kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwa. Pakhala pali malipoti ambiri a kafukufuku wapakhomo pa kusanthula kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro cha PCB, koma kuyesa kwa chizindikiro Kutayika Kudziwitsidwa kwa zamakono zamakono ndizosowa.

Gwero la kutayika kwa siginecha ya PCB ndikutayika kwa kondakitala ndi kutayika kwa dielectric kwa zinthuzo, komanso zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga kukana kwazitsulo zamkuwa, kulimba kwa zojambula zamkuwa, kutayika kwa ma radiation, kusagwirizana kwamphamvu, ndi crosstalk. Muzitsulo zogulitsira, zizindikiro zovomerezeka za opanga copper clad laminate (CCL) ndi opanga PCB Express amagwiritsa ntchito dielectric mosasinthasintha ndi dielectric imfa; pomwe zizindikiro zapakati pa opanga PCB ndi ma terminals nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito zolepheretsa ndikuyika, monga zikuwonekera pa Chithunzi 1.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

Pakuti mkulu-liwiro PCB kamangidwe ndi ntchito, momwe mwamsanga ndi moyenerera kuyeza chizindikiro imfa ya mizere kufala PCB ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa zoikamo magawo PCB mapangidwe, kayeseleledwe debugging, ndi kulamulira ndondomeko kupanga.

2. Mkhalidwe wamakono waukadaulo woyesa kuyesa kuyika kwa PCB

Njira zoyezera kutayika kwa ma siginecha a PCB zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano pamakampani zimasankhidwa kuchokera ku zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo zitha kugawidwa m’magulu awiri: kutengera dera lanthawi kapena kutengera ma frequency domain. Chida choyesa nthawi yanthawi yake ndi Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) kapena mita yotumizira nthawi (TImeDomain Transmission, TDT); chida choyesera pafupipafupi ndi Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). M’mayeso a IPC-TM650, njira zisanu zoyeserera zimalimbikitsidwa pakuyesa kutayika kwa ma siginoloji a PCB: njira yafupikitsa, njira yogwira ntchito ya bandwidth, njira yamphamvu yamphamvu ya mizu, njira yachidule yofalitsira kugunda kwamtima, njira imodzi yotayika ya TDR yotayika.

2.1 Njira yolowera pafupipafupi

Njira ya Frequency Domain Method imagwiritsa ntchito makina osanthula ma netiweki kuti ayeze magawo a S a chingwe chotumizira, amawerenga mwachindunji mtengo wotayika woyika, kenako amagwiritsa ntchito otsetsereka otsetsereka otayika wapakati pama frequency angapo (monga 1 GHz ~ 5 GHz) Yesani kupita / kulephera kwa bolodi.

Kusiyana kwa kuyeza kulondola kwa njira yanthawi zonse kumangochokera ku njira yoyeserera. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira, zitha kugawidwa mu Slot (Short-Line-Open-Thru), MulTI-Line TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) ndi Ecal (Electronic calibraTIon) njira zowunikira zamagetsi.

SLOT nthawi zambiri imawonedwa ngati njira yofananira [5]. Mtundu wa calibration uli ndi zolakwika 12. Kulondola kwa ma calibration kwa njira ya SLOT kumatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo oyeserera. Zigawo zoyezera bwino kwambiri zimaperekedwa ndi opanga zida zoyezera, koma zida zoyezera ndizokwera mtengo, Ndipo nthawi zambiri zimangoyenera chilengedwe cha coaxial, kuwongolera kumatenga nthawi ndipo kumawonjezeka geometrically momwe kuchuluka kwa zoyezera kumawonjezeka.

Njira ya MulTI-Line TRL imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuyezera kosagwirizana ndi coaxial [6]. Malingana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mzere wotumizira wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wogwiritsa ntchito komanso nthawi zambiri zoyesera, zigawo za TRL zowerengera zimapangidwira ndi kupangidwa, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2. Ngakhale Multi-Line TRL ndi yosavuta kupanga ndi kupanga kusiyana ndi SLOT, nthawi yowerengera. Njira ya Multi-Line TRL imachulukitsanso geometrically ndi kuchuluka kwa malo oyezera.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

Pofuna kuthetsa vuto la kuwerengera nthawi, opanga zida zoyezera adayambitsa njira ya Ecal electronic calibration [7]. Ecal ndi mulingo wotumizira. Kulondola kwa ma calibration kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi magawo oyambira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukhazikika kwa chingwe choyesera ndi kubwereza kwa chipangizo choyesera kumayesedwa. The interpolation algorithm of performance and test frequency also have impact on the test kulondola. Nthawi zambiri, gwiritsani ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti muwerengere zomwe zili kumapeto kwa chingwe choyesera, kenako gwiritsani ntchito njira yotsekera kuti mubwezere kutalika kwa chingwecho. Monga momwe chithunzi 3 chikusonyezera.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

Kuti mupeze kutayika kwa kuyika kwa mzere wopatsirana wosiyana mwachitsanzo, kufananiza kwa njira zitatu zoyeserera kukuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 1.

2.2 Njira yothandiza ya bandwidth

Bandwidth Effective (EBW) ndi muyeso woyezera kutayika kwa mzere wopatsirana α mosamalitsa. Sizingapereke kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa kuyika, koma imapereka chizindikiro chotchedwa EBW. Njira yogwira ntchito ya bandwidth ndikutumiza chizindikiro cha sitepe ndi nthawi yeniyeni yokwera ku mzere wotumizira kudzera ku TDR, kuyeza kutsetsereka kwakukulu kwa nthawi yowuka pambuyo poti chida cha TDR ndi DUT chilumikizidwe, ndikuchizindikira ngati chinthu chotayika, mu MV. /s. Momwemonso, Zomwe zimatsimikizira ndizomwe zimatayika, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira kusintha kwa kutayika kwa mzere wopatsira kuchokera pamwamba kupita pamwamba kapena wosanjikiza mpaka wosanjikiza [8]. Popeza kutsetsereka kwakukulu kumatha kuyeza mwachindunji kuchokera ku chida, njira yothandiza ya bandwidth nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kupanga misa yama board osindikizidwa. Chithunzi chojambula cha mayeso a EBW chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

2.3 Njira ya mphamvu ya mizu

Root ImPulse Energy (RIE) nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito chida cha TDR kuti ipeze mawonekedwe a TDR amtundu wotayika wotayika ndi mzere wotumizira mayeso, kenako ndikusintha ma siginecha pa ma waveform a TDR. Njira yoyesera ya RIE ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5:

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

2.4 Njira yofalitsira kugunda kwafupipafupi

Njira yachidule yofalitsira pulse (Short Pulse Propagation, yotchedwa SPP) ndikuyesa mizere iwiri yopatsira yautali wosiyanasiyana, monga 30 mm ndi 100 mm, ndikuchotsa gawo lochepetsera gawo ndi gawo poyesa kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi. kutalika kwa mzere wotumizira. Nthawi zonse, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kungachepetse zotsatira za zolumikizira, zingwe, ma probes, ndi kulondola kwa oscilloscope. Ngati zida za TDR zogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi IFN (Impulse Forming Network) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, maulendo oyesa amatha kufika 40 GHz.

2.5 Njira imodzi yokha yotayika ya TDR yotayika

TDR Yokhala ndi Mapeto Amodzi mpaka Kutayika Kosiyana Kwambiri (SET2DIL) ndi yosiyana ndi kuyesa kutayika koyikirako kosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito 4-port VNA. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito chida cha TDR chokhala ndi madoko awiri kuti itumize kuyankha kwa sitepe ya TDR ku mzere wopatsirana wosiyana , Mapeto a mzere wopatsirana wosiyana amafupikitsidwa, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 7. Njira yoyezera pafupipafupi ya njira ya SET2DIL ndi 2 GHz ~ 12 GHz, ndipo kulondola kwa muyeso kumakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kuchedwa kosagwirizana kwa chingwe choyesera komanso kusagwirizana kwa DUT. Ubwino wa njira ya SET2DIL ndikuti palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito VNA yamtengo wapatali ya 4-port ndi magawo ake owerengera. Kutalika kwa mzere wotumizira wa gawo loyesedwa ndi theka la njira ya VNA. Gawo la calibration liri ndi dongosolo losavuta ndipo nthawi yowonongeka imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ndizoyenera kwambiri kupanga PCB. Mayeso a batch, monga akuwonetsera Chithunzi 8.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

3 Zida zoyesera ndi zotsatira zoyesa

SET2DIL test board, SPP test board ndi Multi-Line TRL test board anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CCL yokhala ndi dielectric constant of 3.8, dielectric loss of 0.008, ndi RTF copper foil; zida mayeso anali DSA8300 zitsanzo oscilloscope ndi E5071C vekitala maukonde analyzer; kutayika kosiyana kwa njira iliyonse Zotsatira za mayeso zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2.

Kusanthula kwa Zinthu Zosonkhezera za Signal Integrity ya PCB Printed Circuit Board

Mapeto a 4

Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa njira zingapo zoyezera kutayika kwa chizindikiro cha PCB zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani. Chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zoyezera zotayika zoyika ndizosiyana, ndipo zotsatira zoyesa sizingafanane mwachindunji mopingasa. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo woyezetsa wamakina oyenerera uyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi zabwino ndi zofooka za njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo, ndikuphatikiza ndi zosowa zawo.