Kuphatikiza pa kusankha kwa zigawo ndi mapangidwe a dera, zabwino bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB) kapangidwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulumikizana kwamagetsi. Chinsinsi cha mapangidwe a PCB EMC ndikuchepetsa malo obwezeretsanso momwe mungathere ndikulola njira yobwereranso kulowera komwe kumapangidwira. Zomwe zimabwereranso nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku ming’alu ya ndege yolozera, kusintha mawonekedwe a ndege, ndi chizindikiro chodutsa cholumikizira. Jumper capacitors kapena decoupling capacitors amatha kuthetsa mavuto ena, koma kulephera kwathunthu kwa ma capacitor, vias, pads, ndi mawaya kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Nkhaniyi iwonetsa ukadaulo wa EMC’s PCB Design kuchokera kuzinthu zitatu: Njira zopangira PCB, luso la masanjidwe ndi malamulo amawaya.

PCB layering strategy

Makulidwe, kudzera munjira ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo mu kapangidwe ka bolodi lozungulira sizothandiza kuthetsa vutoli. Good layered stacking ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mabasi amagetsi azidutsa ndikudumphira ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yocheperako pagawo lamagetsi kapena pansi. Chinsinsi chotchinjiriza gawo la electromagnetic la chizindikiro ndi magetsi. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa zizindikiro, njira yabwino yosanjirira iyenera kukhala yoyika zizindikiro zonse pamagulu amodzi kapena angapo, ndipo zigawozi zili pafupi ndi mphamvu kapena pansi. Kwa magetsi, njira yabwino yopangira magetsi iyenera kukhala kuti mphamvu yowonjezera ili pafupi ndi nthaka, ndipo mtunda wapakati pa mphamvu ya mphamvu ndi pansi ndi yochepa kwambiri. Izi ndi zomwe timatcha njira ya “layer”. M’munsimu tidzakambirana za njira yabwino kwambiri ya PCB. 1. Ndege yowonetsera ya gawo la mawaya iyenera kukhala m’dera lake la reflow plane wosanjikiza. Ngati waya wosanjikiza sali m’malo owonetsera ndege yobwereranso, padzakhala mizere yolumikizira kunja kwa malo opangira ma waya, zomwe zingayambitse vuto la “radiation ya m’mphepete”, ndikupangitsanso kuti malo ozungulira azitha kuwonjezeka. , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma radiation azitha kusiyanasiyana. 2. Yesetsani kupewa kukhazikitsa zigawo zoyandikana nazo. Chifukwa mawonekedwe a mawaya ofananira pamagawo oyandikana nawo amatha kuyambitsa kuphatikizika kwa mawaya, ngati kuli kotheka kupeŵa zigawo zoyandikana ndi mawaya, kusiyana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za mawaya kuyenera kuchulukitsidwa moyenerera, ndipo kusanjikizana pakati pa waya wosanjikiza ndi mawonekedwe ake kuyenera kuchitika. kuchepetsedwa. 3. Zigawo zoyandikana za ndege zipewe kupindika kwa ndege zolozera. Chifukwa pamene zolozera zikudutsana, kulumikiza mphamvu pakati pa zigawo kumapangitsa phokoso pakati pa zigawo kuti zigwirizane wina ndi mzake.

Multilayer board design

Pamene mawotchi amafupikitsa adutsa 5MHz, kapena nthawi yowuka chizindikiro imakhala yosakwana 5ns, kuti muzitha kuyang’anira bwino malo ozungulira chizindikiro, mapangidwe a board multilayer amafunika. Mfundo zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa popanga matabwa a multilayer: 1. Chingwe chachikulu cha mawaya (chosanjikiza chomwe mzere wa wotchi, mzere wa basi, mzere wa mawonekedwe, mzere wa maulendo a wailesi, konzanso mzere wa chizindikiro, chip chosankha mzere wa chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro chowongolera zosiyanasiyana. mizere ilipo) iyenera kukhala yoyandikana ndi ndege yonse yapansi, makamaka pakati pa ndege ziwiri zapansi, monga Zowonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Mizere yofunikira kwambiri imakhala ndi ma radiation amphamvu kapena mizere yodziwika kwambiri. Mawaya pafupi ndi ndege yapansi amatha kuchepetsa gawo la kuzungulira kwa chizindikiro, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya radiation kapena kupititsa patsogolo luso loletsa kusokoneza.

Chithunzi 1 Chophimba chachikulu cha waya chili pakati pa ndege ziwiri zapansi

2. Ndege yamagetsi iyenera kubwezeredwa kufupi ndi ndege yapansi yomwe ili pafupi (mtengo wovomerezeka 5H～20H). Kubweza kwa ndege yamagetsi poyerekeza ndi ndege yobwerera kutha kuletsa vuto la “radiation ya m’mphepete”.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndege yayikulu yogwira ntchito ya board (ndege yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri) iyenera kukhala pafupi ndi ndege yake yapansi panthaka kuti ichepetse bwino gawo lamagetsi apano, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3.

Chithunzi 3 Ndege yamagetsi iyenera kukhala pafupi ndi ndege yake yapansi

3. Kaya palibe mzere wa chizindikiro ≥50MHz pa TOP ndi BOTTOM zigawo za bolodi. Ngati ndi choncho, ndi bwino kuyenda chizindikiro chapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za ndege kuti zitseke ma radiation ake kumlengalenga.

bolodi limodzi wosanjikiza ndi awiri wosanjikiza board board

Kwa mapangidwe a matabwa amodzi ndi awiri-wosanjikiza, mapangidwe a mizere yofunikira ndi mizere yamagetsi ayenera kuperekedwa. Payenera kukhala waya wapansi pafupi ndi kufanana ndi njira yamagetsi kuti muchepetse gawo la lupu lamagetsi. “Guide Ground Line” iyenera kuikidwa kumbali zonse ziwiri za mzere wofunikira wa bolodi limodzi lokha, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 4. Ndege yowonetsera mzere wofunikira wa bolodi lamagulu awiri ayenera kukhala ndi malo aakulu. , kapena njira yofanana ndi bolodi limodzi lokha, kupanga “Guide Ground Line”, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5. “Waya wapansi wa alonda” kumbali zonse za mzere wofunikira ukhoza kuchepetsa malo ozungulira chizindikiro kumbali imodzi, komanso kupewa crosstalk pakati pa mzere wa siginecha ndi mizere ina yolumikizira.

Ambiri, ndi layering wa bolodi PCB akhoza kupangidwa malinga ndi tebulo zotsatirazi.

Maluso a mapangidwe a PCB

Popanga mapangidwe a PCB, tsatirani mokwanira ndondomeko ya mapangidwe oyika mzere wowongoka pamodzi ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndipo yesetsani kupewa kuyendayenda mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 6. Izi zikhoza kupeŵa kugwirizanitsa kwachindunji ndi kukhudza khalidwe la chizindikiro. Kuphatikiza apo, pofuna kupewa kusokonezana komanso kulumikizana pakati pa mabwalo ndi zida zamagetsi, kuyika kwa mabwalo ndi masanjidwe a zigawo ziyenera kutsatira mfundo izi:

1. Ngati mawonekedwe a “nthaka yoyera” apangidwa pa bolodi, zigawo zosefera ndi zodzipatula ziyenera kuikidwa pa gulu lodzipatula pakati pa “nthaka yoyera” ndi malo ogwira ntchito. Izi zitha kulepheretsa zida zosefera kapena zodzipatula kuti zisalumikizane wina ndi mnzake kudzera mugawo la planar, zomwe zimafooketsa zotsatira zake. Kuonjezera apo, pa “nthaka yoyera”, kupatula zipangizo zosefera ndi chitetezo, palibe zipangizo zina zomwe zingayikidwe. 2. Pamene maulendo angapo a ma module amaikidwa pa PCB yomweyo, maulendo a digito ndi maulendo a analogi, ndi maulendo othamanga kwambiri ndi otsika ayenera kuikidwa mosiyana kuti apewe kusokonezana pakati pa maulendo a digito, maulendo a analogi, maulendo othamanga kwambiri, ndi maulendo otsika-liwiro. Kuonjezera apo, pamene maulendo apamwamba, apakati, ndi otsika kwambiri amakhalapo pa bolodi la dera panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuti ateteze phokoso lapamwamba kwambiri kuti lisamatulukire kunja kupyolera mu mawonekedwe.

3. Dongosolo la fyuluta la doko lolowera mphamvu la board board liyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe kuti ateteze dera lomwe lasefedwa kuti lisagwirizanenso.

Chithunzi 8 Gawo la fyuluta la doko lolowera mphamvu liyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe

4. Zigawo zosefera, zoteteza ndi zodzipatula za mawonekedwe ozungulira zimayikidwa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 9, chomwe chingathe kukwaniritsa zotsatira za chitetezo, kusefa ndi kudzipatula. Ngati pali zonse zosefera ndi zozungulira zoteteza pamawonekedwe, mfundo yachitetezo choyamba ndiyeno kusefa iyenera kutsatiridwa. Chifukwa dera lodzitchinjiriza limagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera kwakunja ndi kuponderezana mopitilira muyeso, ngati dera lachitetezo liyikidwa pambuyo pa sefa, dera la fyuluta lidzawonongeka chifukwa cha overvoltage ndi overcurrent. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza mizere yolowera ndi kutulutsa kwa dera idzafooketsa kusefa, kudzipatula kapena chitetezo ikaphatikizidwa wina ndi mzake, onetsetsani kuti mizere yolowera ndi yotulutsa ya fyuluta (zosefera), kudzipatula ndi chitetezo sizimatero. okwatirana ndi wina ndi mzake pakupanga.

5. Mabwalo okhudzidwa kapena zida (monga mabwalo obwezeretsanso, ndi zina zotero) ziyenera kukhala zosachepera 1000 mil kutali ndi m’mphepete mwa bolodi, makamaka m’mphepete mwa mawonekedwe a bolodi.

6. Kusungirako mphamvu ndi ma capacitor a frequency frequency frequency ayenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi ma frequency a unit kapena zida zosintha kwambiri (monga zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa za module yamagetsi, mafani, ndi ma relay) kuti muchepetse kuzungulira kwa lupu waukulu wamakono.

7. Zigawo zosefera ziyenera kuyikidwa mbali ndi mbali kuti ziteteze dera losefedwa kuti lisasokonezedwenso.

8. Sungani zida zamphamvu zama radiation monga makhiristo, ma crystal oscillators, ma relay, ndikusintha magetsi osachepera 1000 mils kutali ndi zolumikizira mawonekedwe a bolodi. Mwanjira iyi, zosokonezazo zimatha kuwunikira mwachindunji kapena zapano zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi chingwe chotuluka kuti chiwolere kunja.

PCB wiring malamulo

Kuphatikiza pa kusankha kwa zigawo ndi kapangidwe ka dera, ma wiring abwino osindikizidwa (PCB) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulumikizana kwamagetsi. Popeza PCB ndi gawo lachilengedwe la dongosololi, kupititsa patsogolo kuyanjana kwa ma elekitiroma mu waya wa PCB sikubweretsa ndalama zowonjezera pakumaliza kwa chinthucho. Aliyense ayenera kukumbukira kuti kusanja bwino kwa PCB kumatha kuyambitsa zovuta zambiri zama electromagnetic, m’malo mozichotsa. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale kuwonjezera kwa zosefera ndi zigawo zake sikungathe kuthetsa mavutowa. Pamapeto pake, gulu lonse liyenera kusinthidwa. Chifukwa chake, ndi njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yopangira zizolowezi zama waya za PCB pachiyambi. Zotsatirazi ziwonetsa malamulo ena onse a mawaya a PCB ndi njira zamapangidwe a zingwe zamagetsi, mizere yapansi ndi mizere yolumikizira. Pomaliza, molingana ndi malamulowa, njira zowongolera zimaperekedwa pamayendedwe osindikizira a board a air conditioner. 1. Kupatukana kwa mawaya Ntchito yolekanitsa mawaya ndikuchepetsa kulumikizana kwapang’onopang’ono ndi phokoso pakati pa mabwalo oyandikana nawo mugawo lomwelo la PCB. Kufotokozera kwa 3W kumanena kuti zizindikiro zonse (wotchi, kanema, audio, kukonzanso, etc.) ziyenera kukhala zolekanitsidwa kuchokera ku mzere kupita ku mzere, m’mphepete mpaka pamphepete, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 10. Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwirizanitsa maginito, malo ofotokozera ndi kuyikidwa pafupi ndi chizindikiro chachikulu kuti mulekanitse phokoso lolumikizana lopangidwa ndi mizere ina.

2. Chitetezo ndi shunt line kukhazikitsa Shunt ndi mzere wa chitetezo ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yodzipatula ndi kuteteza zizindikiro zazikulu, monga zizindikiro za wotchi mu malo aphokoso. Mu Chithunzi 21, gawo lofananira kapena chitetezo mu PCB limayikidwa mozungulira makiyi. Dera lodzitchinjiriza silimangolekanitsa kuphatikizika kwa maginito opangidwa ndi mizere ina, komanso kumapatula ma siginecha ofunikira kuti asagwirizane ndi mizere ina. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mzere wa shunt ndi mzere wa chitetezo ndikuti mzere wa shunt suyenera kuthetsedwa (kulumikizidwa pansi), koma mapeto onse a mzere wa chitetezo ayenera kulumikizidwa pansi. Kuti muchepetse kuphatikizikako, gawo lachitetezo mu multilayer PCB litha kuwonjezeredwa ndi njira yopita pansi gawo lililonse.

3. Mapangidwe a mzere wamagetsi amachokera ku kukula kwa bolodi losindikizidwa lamakono, ndipo m’lifupi mwa mzere wamagetsi ndi wandiweyani momwe mungathere kuti muchepetse kukana kwa malupu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pangani mayendedwe a mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi kuti ukhale wogwirizana ndi njira yotumizira deta, zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zotsutsana ndi phokoso. Mu gulu limodzi kapena lawiri, ngati chingwe chamagetsi ndi chachitali kwambiri, cholumikizira cholumikizira chiyenera kuwonjezeredwa pansi pa 3000 mil iliyonse, ndipo mtengo wa capacitor ndi 10uF + 1000pF.

Mapangidwe a waya wapansi

Zomwe kapangidwe ka waya wapansi ndi:

(1) Malo a digito amasiyanitsidwa ndi nthaka ya analogi. Ngati pali mabwalo onse omveka bwino komanso mabwalo ozungulira pa board board, ayenera kupatulidwa momwe angathere. Pansi pa dera locheperako liyenera kukhazikika molumikizana pamalo amodzi momwe mungathere. Mawaya enieniwo akakhala ovuta, amatha kulumikizidwa pang’ono motsatizana kenako ndikukhazikika mofanana. Dera lapamwamba kwambiri liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazigawo zingapo zotsatizana, waya wapansi uyenera kukhala waufupi komanso wobwereketsa, ndipo zojambulazo zokhala ngati gridi zazikulu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira gawo lapamwamba kwambiri momwe zingathere.

(2) Waya wapansi uyenera kukhala wokhuthala. Ngati waya wapansi amagwiritsa ntchito mzere wolimba kwambiri, mphamvu ya pansi imasintha ndi kusintha kwamakono, zomwe zimachepetsa ntchito yotsutsa phokoso. Chifukwa chake, waya wapansi uyenera kukulitsidwa kuti udutse katatu pamlingo wovomerezeka pa bolodi losindikizidwa. Ngati n’kotheka, waya woyatsira pansi ayenera kukhala 2 ~ 3mm kapena kuposa.

(3) Waya wapansi umapanga chipika chotsekedwa. Kwa matabwa osindikizidwa opangidwa ndi mabwalo a digito okha, mabwalo awo ambiri oyambira amakonzedwa mwa malupu kuti apititse patsogolo phokoso.

Mapangidwe a mzere wa Signal

Kwa mizere yofunikira, ngati bolodi ili ndi chingwe chamkati chamkati, mizere yolumikizira makiyi monga mawotchi iyenera kuyikidwa pagawo lamkati, ndipo choyambirira chimaperekedwa kugawo lokonda waya. Kuphatikiza apo, mizere yamakiyi ofunikira siyenera kuyendetsedwa kudera logawikana, kuphatikiza mipata yolumikizira ndege yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi vias ndi ma pads, apo ayi zipangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa gawo la loop. Ndipo mzere wofunikira uyenera kukhala wopitilira 3H kuchokera m’mphepete mwa ndege yolozera (H ndiye kutalika kwa mzere kuchokera ku ndege yolozera) kuti athetseretu mphamvu ya radiation. Kwa mizere ya wotchi, mizere ya mabasi, mizere ya mawayilesi ndi mizere ina yolimba ya ma radiation ndikukhazikitsanso mizere yazizindikiro, mizere yosankha ma chip, ma siginecha owongolera dongosolo ndi mizere ina yodziwika bwino, kuwasunga kutali ndi mawonekedwe ndi mizere yotuluka. Izi zimalepheretsa kusokoneza kwa mzere wonyezimira wamphamvu kuti usagwirizane ndi mzere wotuluka ndi kutuluka kunja; komanso amapewa kusokonezedwa kwakunja komwe kumabweretsedwa ndi mzere wotuluka wa siginecha kuchokera pakulumikizana ndi mzere wovuta wa siginecha, zomwe zimapangitsa kusokoneza dongosolo. Mizere yazizindikiro yosiyana iyenera kukhala pamzere womwewo, kutalika kofanana, ndikuyendetsa mofananira, kusunga chopingacho chisasunthike, ndipo pasakhale mawaya ena pakati pa mizere yosiyana. Chifukwa kulepheretsa wamba kwa mzere wosiyana kumatsimikiziridwa kukhala wofanana, kuthekera kwake kotsutsana ndi kusokoneza kumatha kuwongolera. Malinga ndi malamulo a mawaya omwe ali pamwambawa, mawonekedwe osindikizira a board board a air conditioner amakhala bwino ndikuwongoleredwa.