Potengera ukadaulo wamakono, dziko lapansi likukula mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yake imatha kugwira nawo ntchito pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Momwe tikukhalira zasintha kwambiri ndipo kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kumeneku kwadzetsa zida zambiri zapamwamba zomwe sitimaganizira zaka 10 zapitazo. Phata la zida izi ndi zamagetsi, ndipo pachimake pali bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB).

PCB nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira ndipo ndi thupi lolimba lokhala ndi zida zamagetsi zosiyanasiyana. Zida izi zimalumikizidwa ku PCB m’njira yotchedwa “PCB Assembly” kapena PCBA. PCB imakhala ndi gawo lopangidwa ndi fiberglass, zigawo zamkuwa zomwe zimapanga, mabowo omwe amapanga chigawocho, ndi zigawo zomwe zimakhala zamkati ndi zakunja. Pa RayPCB, titha kupereka mpaka zigawo za 1-36 zama PROTOTYPES angapo ndi zigawo za 1-10 zamagulu angapo a PCB opanga voliyumu. Kwa ma PCBS okhala ndi mbali imodzi komanso mbali ziwiri, wosanjikiza wakunja ulipo koma mulibe wosanjikiza wamkati.

The substrate and components are insulated with solder film and held together with epoxy resin.Chigoba chowotcherera chimatha kukhala chobiriwira, buluu kapena chofiira, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mitundu ya PCB. Chigoba chowotcherera chimalola kuti chigawocho chipewe kufupikitsa kwa njira kapena zinthu zina.

Zolemba zamkuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa zizindikiritso zamagetsi kuchokera pamzere wina kupita pa wina pa PCB. Zizindikirozi zitha kukhala ziwonetsero zothamanga kwambiri zamagetsi kapena zizindikilo zapadera za analog. Mawaya awa amatha kupangidwa kuti akhale owirira kuti apereke mphamvu / mphamvu yamagetsi yamagawo.

M’ma PCBS ambiri omwe amapereka mphamvu yamagetsi kapena pano, pali ndege yokhayokha. Zigawo pazomwe zili pamwamba zimalumikizidwa ndi ndege ya GND yamkati kapena mawonekedwe amkati amkati kudzera “Vias”.

Zigawo zasonkhanitsidwa pa PCB kuti PCB igwire ntchito momwe idapangidwira. Chofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito ya PCB. Ngakhale ma resistor ang’onoang’ono a SMT sanayikidwe bwino, kapena ngakhale mayendedwe ang’onoang’ono adadulidwa ku PCB, PCByo singagwire ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusonkhanitsa zigawozo m’njira yoyenera. The PCB pamene kusonkhana zigawo zikuluzikulu amatchedwa PCBA kapena msonkhano PCB.

Kutengera mawonekedwe omwe kasitomala kapena wogwiritsa ntchito amafotokoza, ntchito ya PCB ikhoza kukhala yovuta kapena yosavuta. Kukula kwa PCB kumasiyananso malinga ndi zofunikira.

The PCB assembly process has both automatic and manual processes, which we will discuss.

PCB wosanjikiza ndi kapangidwe

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pali magawo angapo azigawo pakati pa zigawo zakunja. Now we will discuss the types of outer layers and functions.

Mvetsetsani njira ya msonkhano wa PCB ndikumva kukongola kwa PCBD

1 – Gawo: Imeneyi ndi mbale yolimba yopangidwa ndi zinthu za FR-4 pomwe zinthuzo “zimadzazidwa” kapena kutenthetsedwa. Izi zimapereka kukhazikika kwa PCB.

2- Mkuwa wosanjikiza: Woonda zojambulazo mkuwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba ndi pansi pa PCB kuti mupange zotsalira zam’munsi ndi zamkuwa.

3- Chigoba chowotcherera: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumtunda ndi pansi kwa PCB. This is used to create non-conducting areas of the PCB and insulate the copper traces from each other to protect against short circuits. Chigoba chowotcherera chimapewanso kuwotcherera zinthu zosafunikira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti solder ilowa m’deralo potsekemera, monga mabowo ndi mapadi. Mabowo amenewa amalumikiza gawo la THT ndi PCB pomwe PAD imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirira gawo la SMT.

4- Screen: Malembo oyera omwe timawawona pa PCBS azinthu zamagulu, monga R1, C1 kapena mafotokozedwe ena pa PCBS kapena ma logo a kampani, onse amapangidwa ndi zigawo zowonekera. Chophimba chophimba chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza PCB.

Pali mitundu itatu ya PCBS malinga ndi gawo la gawo

1- Rigid PCB:

Ma PCB ndi zida zambiri za PCB zomwe timawona m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PCB. Awa ndi ma PCBS olimba, okhwima komanso olimba, okhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Zinthu zazikulu ndi fiberglass kapena “FR4” yosavuta. FR4 imayimira “lawi lamoto-4”. Makhalidwe okuzimitsa a FR-4 amapangitsa kuti akhale othandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zolimba. FR-4 ili ndi zigawo zoonda za zojambulazo zamkuwa mbali zonse, zotchedwanso ma laminates okutidwa ndi mkuwa. Fr-4 zamkuwa zokutira laminates zimagwiritsa ntchito pama amplifiers amagetsi, kusintha magetsi, ma driver a servo mota, ndi zina zambiri. Kumbali inayi, gawo lina lolimba la PCB lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zapanyumba ndi zinthu za IT zimatchedwa pepala phenolic PCB. Ndiopepuka, otsika kwambiri, otchipa komanso osavuta kukhomerera. Ma Calculator, ma keyboards ndi mbewa ndi zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito.

2- Kusintha kwa PCB:

Wopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazing’ono monga Kapton, PCBS yosinthasintha imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri ikakhala yolimba ngati mainchesi a 0.005. Itha kupindika mosavuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zamagetsi ovala, ma LCD oyang’anira kapena ma laputopu, ma keyboards ndi makamera, ndi zina zambiri.

3-zitsulo pakati PCB:

Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lina la PCB limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati aluminium, yomwe ndiyabwino kwambiri kuzirala.Mitundu iyi ya PCBS itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimafunikira zida zamagetsi monga ma leds amphamvu, ma diode a laser, ndi zina zambiri.

Installation technology type:

SMT: SMT imayimira “ukadaulo wapamwamba pamwamba”. Zida za SMT ndizochepera kwambiri ndipo zimabwera m’maphukusi osiyanasiyana monga 0402,0603 1608 kwa ma resistor ndi ma capacitors. Momwemonso, pama ics ophatikizika, tili ndi SOIC, TSSOP, QFP ndi BGA.

Msonkhano wa SMT ndi wovuta kwambiri m’manja mwa anthu ndipo ukhoza kukhala njira yosinthira nthawi, chifukwa zimachitika makamaka ndi maloboti oyenda okha.

THT: THT imayimira ukadaulo wapabowo. Zigawo zokhala ndi zingwe ndi mawaya, monga ma resistor, ma capacitors, ma inductors, ma PDIP ics, ma transformer, ma transistors, IGBT, MOSFET, ndi zina zambiri.

Zidazo ziyenera kuikidwa mbali imodzi ya PCB pachimodzi ndikukoka mwendo mbali inayo, kudula mwendo ndikutulutsa. Msonkhano wa THT nthawi zambiri umachitika ndi kuwotcherera pamanja ndipo ndikosavuta.

Njira zofunikira pamsonkhano:

Isanachitike nkhani yabodza ya PCB ndi msonkhano wa PCB, wopanga amafufuza PCB ngati pali zolakwika kapena zolakwika zilizonse mu PCB zomwe zingayambitse kulephera. Izi zimatchedwa Njira Yopanga Zinthu (DFM). Opanga ayenera kuchita izi zofunika pa DFM kuti awonetsetse PCB yopanda cholakwika.

1- Malingaliro apangidwe lazinthu: Kupyola-mabowo kuyenera kufufuzidwa pazinthu zokhala ndi polarity. Mofanana ndi ma electrolytic capacitors ayenera kufufuzidwa polarity, diode anode ndi cathode polarity cheke, cheke cha SMT tantalum capacitor polarity. IC notch / mutu malangizo ayenera kufufuzidwa.

Zomwe zimafunikira lakuzizirira ziyenera kukhala ndi malo okwanira kusungira zinthu zina kuti choziziritsira chisakhudze.

2-Hole ndi kupyola malire:

Mipata pakati pa mabowo ndi pakati pa mabowo ndi zotsalira ziyenera kuwunikidwa. Pad ndi kupyola dzenje silidzaphatikizana.

3- Brazing pad, makulidwe, mzere wazitali uzikumbukiridwa.

Pochita kuyendera kwa DFM, opanga amatha kuchepetsa ndalama pakupanga pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zazinyalala. This will help in fast steering by avoiding DFM level failures. At RayPCB, we provide DFM and DFT inspection in circuit assembly and prototyping. Ku RayPCB, timagwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba za OEM kuti tipeze ntchito za PCB OEM, ma soldering, kuyezetsa makhadi a PCB ndi msonkhano wa SMT.

Njira za PCB Assembly (PCBA) pang’onopang’ono:

Gawo 1: Ikani phala la solder pogwiritsa ntchito template

First, we apply solder paste to the area of the PCB that fits the component. This is done by applying solder paste to the stainless steel template. Chinsinsi ndi PCB zimagwiridwa pamodzi ndi makina, ndipo phala la solder limagwiritsidwa ntchito wogawana pamabowo onse omwe ali mgululi kudzera mwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Ikani phala la solder wogawana ndi wofunsira. Chifukwa chake, phala loyenera la solder liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulogalamuyo. Wogwiritsa ntchito akachotsedwa, phala limakhalabe pamalo omwe amafunidwa ndi PCB. Phalala wonyezimira wonyezimira 96.5% wopangidwa ndi malata, okhala ndi 3% ya siliva ndi 0.5% yamkuwa, amatsogolera kwaulere. Mukatenthetsa mu Gawo 3, phala la solder lidzasungunuka ndikupanga mgwirizano wolimba.

Step 2: Automatic placement of components:

Gawo lachiwiri la PCBA ndikuyika zokha zigawo za SMT pa PCB. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito loboti yosankha. Pamlingo wopanga, wopanga amapanga fayilo ndikuyipereka ku loboti yodzichitira. Fayiloyi ili ndi makonzedwe a X, Y omwe adakonzedweratu pachinthu chilichonse chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu PCB ndikuwonetsa komwe zinthu zonse zimapezeka. Using this information, the robot only needs to place the SMD device accurately on the board. Robot yosankha ndi kuyikapo idzatenga zinthu kuchokera pazomwe zimapangidwira ndikuziyika molondola pa phala la solder.

Asanabwere makina opanga maloboti ndi makina oyika, akatswiri amaphunzitsidwe amatenga zida zogwiritsira ntchito zopalira ndikuziyika pa PCB poyang’anitsitsa malowo ndikupewa kugwirana chanza. This results in high levels of fatigue and poor vision for technicians, and leads to a slow PCB assembly process for SMT parts. Chifukwa chake kuthekera kolakwika ndikokwera.

Tekinoloje ikamakula, maloboti opanga omwe amaika ndikuyika zigawo zikuluzikulu amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa akatswiri, zomwe zimathandizira kuyika zigawo mwachangu komanso molondola. Maloboti amenewa amatha kugwira ntchito 24/7 popanda kutopa.

Gawo 3: Reflow kuwotcherera

Gawo lachitatu mutakhazikitsa zinthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito phala la solder ndikutulutsa kwa Reflux. Kutuluka ndi kuwotcherera ndiyo njira yoyika PCB pa lamba wonyamula ndi zinthu zina. Wonyamula ndiye amasuntha PCB ndi zigawo zake mu uvuni waukulu, womwe umapanga kutentha kwa 250 o C. Kutentha ndikokwanira kusungunula solder. Chosungunulacho chimasungunuka kenako chimagwira chigawocho ku PCB ndikupanga cholumikizacho. Pambuyo chithandizo mkulu kutentha, ndi PCB akulowa ozizira. Zozizilitsa izi zimalimbitsa maulalo a solder moyenera. Izi zikhazikitsa kulumikizana kosatha pakati pa gawo la SMT ndi PCB. Pankhani ya PCB yokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mbali ya PCB yokhala ndi zinthu zochepa kapena zochepa izichiritsidwa kuyambira pa 1 mpaka 3, kenako mbali inayo.

Mvetsetsani njira ya msonkhano wa PCB ndikumva kukongola kwa PCBD

Gawo 4: Kuyendera bwino ndikuwunika

Pambuyo pobwezeretsa soldering, ndizotheka kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu zimasokonekera chifukwa chakusuntha kolakwika mu thireyi ya PCB, komwe kumatha kubweretsa kulumikizana kwakanthawi kapena kotseguka. These defects need to be identified, and this identification process is called inspection. Kuyendera kumatha kukhala kwamanja komanso kosinthika.

A. Cheke pamanja:

Because the PCB has small SMT components, visual inspection of the board for any misalignment or malfunction can cause technician fatigue and eye strain. Chifukwa chake, njirayi siyotheka ma board a SMT pasadakhale chifukwa cha zolakwika. Komabe, njirayi ndi yotheka pama mbale okhala ndi zinthu za THT komanso kuchepa kwa zinthu.

B. Kuwala kudziwika:

Njirayi ndi yotheka ndi ma PCBS ambiri. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito makina okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso makamera otsogola okwera pamakona osiyanasiyana kuti awone zolumikizira za solder kuchokera mbali zonse. Kutengera mtundu wa chophatikizira cha solder, kuwalako kudzawonetsa chophatikizira cha solder m’malo osiyanasiyana. Makina opanga makinawa (AOI) ndi achangu kwambiri ndipo amatha kupanga ma PCBS ambiri munthawi yochepa.

Kuyendera kwa CX-ray:

Makina a X-ray amalola akatswiri kuti aone PCB kuti aone zolakwika zamkati. Iyi si njira yofufuzira wamba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa PCBS yovuta komanso yotsogola. Ngati sizigwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera, njira zowunikirazi zitha kuchititsa kuti ntchito ikonzenso kapena kutha kwa PCB. Kuyendera kuyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi kuti mupewe kuchedwa, kugwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zakuthupi.

Gawo 5: Kukhazikika kwa THT ndi kuwotcherera

Kupyola mu dzenje ndizofala pamatabwa ambiri a PCB. These components are also called plated through holes (PTH). Kutsogolera kwa zinthuzi kumadutsa m’mabowo a PCB. Mabowo amenewa amalumikizidwa ndi mabowo ena komanso kudzera m’mabowo ndi zotsata zamkuwa. Pamene zinthu izi za THT zimalowetsedwa ndikuwotcheredwa m’mabowo awa, amalumikizidwa pamagetsi kumabowo ena pa PCB yomweyo monga dera lomwe lakonzedwa. Ma PCBS awa akhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zina za THT ndi zida zambiri za SMD, chifukwa chake njira yowotcherera yomwe tafotokozayi siyabwino pazinthu za THT pankhani ya ma SMT monga kuwotcherera komwe kumachitika. Chifukwa chake mitundu iwiri yayikulu yazinthu za THT zomwe zimalumikizidwa kapena kusonkhanitsidwa

A. Buku kuwotcherera:

Njira zowotcherera pamanja ndizofala ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafuna nthawi yochulukirapo kuposa kukhazikitsa kwa SMT. Katswiri amapatsidwa gawo loyika gawo limodzi nthawi imodzi ndikudutsa bolodiyo kwa akatswiri ena omwe amaika chinthu china pa bolodi lomwelo. Chifukwa chake, bolodi la dera lidzasunthidwa mozungulira mzere wa msonkhano kuti chigawo cha PTH chidzaze. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yayitali, ndipo makampani ambiri opanga ma PCB ndi makampani opanga makampani amapewa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za PTH pakupanga dera lawo. Koma gawo la PTH limakhalabe gawo lokonda kwambiri komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi opanga madera ambiri.

B. Wave soldering:

Mtundu wokhazikika wa kuwotcherera pamanja ndikutulutsa kwamafunde. Mwa njirayi, PTH ikayikidwa pa PCB, PCB imayikidwa pa lamba wonyamula ndikusunthira ku uvuni wodzipereka. Apa, mafunde osungunuka osungunuka amathamangira mu gawo la PCB pomwe zigawo zikuluzikulu zikupezeka. Izi zithandizira zikhomo zonse nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, njirayi imagwira ntchito ndi ma PCBS omwe amakhala mbali imodzi osati ma PCBS a mbali ziwiri, monga kusungunuka kosungunuka mbali imodzi ya PCB kumatha kuwononga zigawo zina. Zitatha izi, sungani PCB kuti muwone komaliza.

Gawo 6: Kuyendera komaliza ndi kuyesa kwa magwiridwe antchito

PCB tsopano yakonzeka kukayezetsa ndikuyendera. This is a functional test in which electrical signals and power are given to the PCB at the specified pins and the output is checked at the specified test point or output connector. Kuyesaku kumafunikira zida wamba za labotale monga ma oscilloscopes, ma multimeter a digito, ndi magudumu ogwira ntchito

Kuyesaku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunika momwe magwiridwe antchito ndi magetsi a PCB ndikuwonetsera magetsi, magetsi, ma analog ndi ma digito azizindikiro zamagetsi zomwe zimafotokozedwa mu PCB

Ngati gawo lililonse la PCB likuwonetsa zotsatira zosavomerezeka, PCB idzatayidwa kapena kutayidwa malinga ndi momwe kampani imagwirira ntchito. Gawo loyesera ndilofunika chifukwa limatsimikizira kupambana kapena kulephera kwa PCBA yonse.

Gawo 7: Kuyeretsa komaliza, kumaliza ndi kutumiza:

Tsopano kuti PCB yayesedwa m’njira zonse ndipo yadziwika kuti ndi yabwinobwino, ndi nthawi yoti muyeretse kutsalira kotsalira kosafunikira, nkhanza zala ndi mafuta. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chogwiritsa ntchito zida zotsukira pogwiritsa ntchito madzi operewera ndi okwanira kuyeretsa mitundu yonse ya dothi. Madzi ophatikizidwa samawononga dera la PCB. Mukatha kutsuka, yikani PCB ndi mpweya wothinikizika. PCB yomaliza tsopano yakonzeka kunyamulidwa ndi kutumizidwa.