Malangizo asanu a PCB Design omwe opanga ma PCB akuyenera kuphunzira

Kumayambiriro kwa kapangidwe katsopano, nthawi yambiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga madera ndi kusankha zigawo, ndi PCB masanjidwe ndi mawonekedwe a mawaya nthawi zambiri sankaganiziridwa mozama chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso. Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yokwanira komanso kuyesayesa kwa kapangidwe ka PCB ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kake kumatha kubweretsa zovuta pakapangidwe kapangidwe kapena zolakwika zina pomwe mapangidwe ake amasinthidwa kuchokera ku digito kupita ku zenizeni. Nanga chinsinsi chake ndichotani kupanga bolodi loyendetsa lomwe lili lovomerezeka papepala komanso mwakuthupi? Tiyeni tiwunikire malangizo asanu apamwamba a PCB kuti tidziwe popanga PCB yogwira ntchito.

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1 – Sungani bwino mawonekedwe anu

Gawo lokhazikitsira gawo la kapangidwe ka PCB ndi sayansi komanso zaluso, zomwe zimafunikira kulingalira mozama pazinthu zoyambira zomwe zilipo. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ingakhale yovuta, momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi zimatsimikizira kuti ndizosavuta bwanji kupanga bolodi lanu komanso momwe limakwaniritsira zofunikira zanu zoyambirira.

Ngakhale pali dongosolo lokhazikitsira magawo, monga kuphatikizira motsatana, zolumikizira ma PCB, ma circuits amagetsi, ma circuits olondola, ma circuits ovuta, ndi zina zambiri, palinso malangizo oyenera kukumbukira, kuphatikiza:

Kuwongolera – Kuonetsetsa kuti zida zofananira zili panjira yomweyo zithandizira kuti pakhale kuwotcherera koyenera komanso kopanda zolakwika.

Kukhazikitsa – Pewani kuyika zigawo zing’onozing’ono kuseri kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu komwe zingakhudzidwe ndi kugulitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu.

Bungwe – Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti zonse zopangira pamwamba (SMT) ziyikidwe mbali yomweyo ya bolodi ndipo zonse zopyola (TH) ziyikidwe pamwamba pa bolodi kuti ichepetse njira zopangira msonkhano.

Upangiri wina womaliza wa PCB – mukamagwiritsa ntchito zida zosakanikirana (zopyola ndi zowonjezera), wopanga angafunike njira zowonjezerapo kuti asonkhanitse bolodi, zomwe ziwonjezere mtengo wanu wonse.

Chida chabwino cha chip (kumanzere) ndi koyipa koyipa kwa chip (kumanja)

Kukhazikitsa kwabwino (kumanzere) ndikuyika zoyipa zoyipa (kumanja)

Na. 2 – Kukhazikitsa mphamvu moyenera, kuyika ndi kulumikizana ndi ma siginolo

Mukayika zigawozo, mutha kuyika magetsi, kukhazikika, ndikuwongolera zingwe kuti muwonetsetse kuti chizindikiro chanu chili ndi njira yoyera, yopanda mavuto. Pakadali pano pamakonzedwe, kumbukirani malangizo awa:

Pezani magetsi ndikukhazikitsa ndege

Nthawi zonse kumalimbikitsidwa kuti magetsi ndi zigawo zapansi panthaka ziyikidwe mkati mwa bolodi pomwe ndizofanana. Izi zimathandiza kupewa bolodi lanu kuti lisapinde, zomwe zimafunikanso ngati zinthu zanu zili bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu IC, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yamagetsi yamagetsi iliyonse, onetsetsani kulumikizana kolimba komanso kolimba, ndikupewa kulumikizana ndi zingwe zamagetsi za Daisy.

Zingwe zazingwe zimalumikizidwa kudzera zingwe

Kenako, polumikiza mzere wazizindikiro molingana ndi kapangidwe kake. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti nthawi zonse muziyenda njira yachidule kwambiri pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu. Ngati zida zanu ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mopingasa popanda kukondera, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzimangirira zigawo za bolodi molunjika kumene zimachokera mu waya kenako ndikuzimangirira pambuyo potuluka mu waya. Izi zidzasunga chigawochi pamalo osasunthika pamene solder imasunthira nthawi yowotcherera. Monga momwe tawonetsera m’gawo lapamwamba la chithunzi pansipa. Kulumikizana kwa ma siginolo komwe kukuwonetsedwa kumunsi kwa chiwerengerocho kumatha kuyambitsa kusokonekera kwa gawo pamene solder ikuyenda nthawi yowotcherera.

Kulumikizana kovomerezeka (mivi imawonetsa kutuluka kwa solder)

Kulumikizana kosakakamizidwa (mivi imawonetsa kutuluka kwa solder)

Fotokozani kutalika kwa netiweki

Kapangidwe kanu kangafunike ma netiweki osiyanasiyana omwe azitha kunyamula mafunde osiyanasiyana, omwe angadziwe kuchuluka kwa ma netiweki ofunikira. Poganizira chofunikira ichi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti mupereke ma 0.010 “(10mil) m’lifupi pazizindikiro zochepa za analog ndi digito. Mzere wanu wamakono ukadutsa ma 0.3 amperes, uyenera kukulitsidwa. Nayi chida chowerengera chaulere chaulere kuti njira yosinthira ikhale yosavuta.

Nambala firii. – Kugawa kwaokha

Mwinamwake mwakhala mukukumana ndi momwe mphamvu zazikulu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zingasokonezere ma circuits anu azowongolera zamagetsi aposachedwa. Kuti muchepetse mavuto oterewa, tsatirani malangizo awa:

Kudzipatula – Onetsetsani kuti magetsi aliwonse amasungidwa padera ndi magetsi. Ngati muyenera kulumikiza pamodzi mu PCB, onetsetsani kuti yayandikira kumapeto kwa njira yamphamvu momwe mungathere.

Kapangidwe – Ngati mwayika ndege pamtunda wapakatikati, onetsetsani kuti mwayika njira yaying’ono yothanirana kuti muchepetse kusokonezedwa ndi dera lililonse ndikuthandizira kuteteza chizindikiro chanu. Maupangiri omwewo akhoza kutsatidwa kuti digito yanu ndi analog yanu zizisiyana.

Kuphatikizana – Kuti muchepetse kulumikizana kwama capacitive chifukwa chakuyika ndege zazikulu pansi ndi zingwe pamwamba ndi pansi pake, yesani kuwoloka kutsata nthaka kudzera m’mizere ya analog.

Zigawo kudzipatula Zitsanzo (digito ndi analogi)

Ayi. 4 – Kuthetsa vuto la kutentha

Kodi mudakhalapo ndi kuwonongeka kwa magwiridwe antchito am’deralo kapena kuwonongeka kwa bolodi la dera chifukwa cha kutentha? Chifukwa palibe kulingalira zakutha kwanyengo, pakhala pali zovuta zambiri zomwe zikuvutitsa opanga ambiri. Nawa malangizo oyenera kukumbukira kuti athandize kuthana ndi mavuto a kutentha:

Dziwani zinthu zovuta

Gawo loyamba ndikuyamba kuganiza kuti ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimatulutsa kutentha kwambiri kuchokera pagululo. Izi zitha kuchitika mutangopeza kaye ka “matenthedwe osatsutsika” mu pepala lazosankhalo ndikutsatira malangizo omwe akuperekedwa kuti musamutse kutentha komwe kumatuluka. Zachidziwikire, mutha kuwonjezera ma radiator ndi mafani oziziritsa kuti zinthu ziziziziritsa, ndipo kumbukirani kusunga zinthu zofunikira kutali ndi magwero ena aliwonse otentha.

Onjezani mapiritsi otentha

Kuphatikiza kwa ziyangoyango za mpweya wotentha ndikofunikira kwambiri pamapangidwe osunthika, ndizofunikira pakapangidwe kazitsulo zamkuwa komanso mawonekedwe a soldering pama board angapo amitundu yambiri. Chifukwa chovuta kusunga kutentha kwa nthawi zonse, nthawi zonse amalangizidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mapadi otentha pazinthu zopyola dzenje kuti njira yowotcherera ikhale yosavuta pochepetsa kuchepa kwa kutentha pazikhomo za zigawozo.

Monga mwalamulo, nthawi zonse lolumikizani dzenje lililonse kapena dzenje lolumikizidwa pansi kapena ndege yamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotentha. Kuphatikiza pa ziyangoyango za mpweya wotentha, mutha kuwonjezera madontho a misozi pamalo pomwe pali cholumikizira cha pad kuti muperekenso chithandizo chamkuwa / chitsulo. Izi zithandizira kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamakina ndi matenthedwe.

Kulumikizana kwapaulendo kotentha

Hot mpweya PAD sayansi:

Akatswiri ambiri omwe amayang’anira Njira kapena SMT mufakitole nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, monga zopindika zamagetsi zamagetsi monga zopanda pake zopanda kanthu, kuchotsa-kunyowa, kapena kuzizira kozizira. Ngakhale mutasintha momwe zinthu ziliri kapena kutentha kwa ng’anjo momwe mungasinthire, pali gawo linalake la malata lomwe silingatentheredwe. Kodi gehena ikuchitika chiyani pano?

Kupatula kuphatikizika ndi zovuta zama board board, fufuzani momwe ikubwerera pambuyo poti gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazowotcherera lomwe lidalipo kwenikweni limachokera pamapangidwe a bolodi (masanjidwe) akusowa, ndipo chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri ndizamagawo a mapazi ena kuwotcherera olumikizidwa ndi pepala mkuwa wa m’dera lalikulu, zigawo zikuluzikulu izi pambuyo reflow kuwotcherera kuwotcherera mapazi, Zina mwazitsulo zopangidwa ndi manja zitha kupangitsanso kuwotcherera kwachinyengo kapena mavuto okutira chifukwa cha zochitika zofananira, ndipo ena amalephera kuwotcherera zinthuzo chifukwa cha kutentha kwanthawi yayitali.

General PCB mumapangidwe azoyenda nthawi zambiri amafunika kuyika gawo lalikulu lazithunzi zamkuwa ngati magetsi (Vcc, Vdd kapena Vss) ndi Ground (GND, Ground). Madera akulu awa a zojambulazo zamkuwa nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa mwachindunji kuma circuits ena olamulira (ICS) ndi zikhomo zamagetsi zamagetsi.

Tsoka ilo, ngati tikufuna kutentha madera akuluakulu amkuwawa kuti asungunuke, zimatenga nthawi yochulukirapo kuposa matayala (Kutentha kumachedwa), ndipo kutentha kumathamanga. Mapeto amodzi a zingwe zazikuluzikulu zamkuwa amalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zing’onozing’ono monga kukana pang’ono ndi ma capacitance ang’onoang’ono, ndipo mathero enawo sali, ndikosavuta kuthana ndi mavuto chifukwa chosasinthasintha malata ndi nthawi yolimba; Ngati kutentha kotsekemera sikusinthidwe bwino, ndipo nthawi yotenthetsera sikokwanira, mapazi osungunuka a zinthuzi olumikizidwa ndi zojambulazo zazikulu zamkuwa ndizosavuta kuyambitsa vuto la kuwotcherera pafupifupi chifukwa sangathe kufikira kutentha kwa malata.

Pakati pa Soldering ya M’manja, zolumikizira zosungunuka zazinthu zolumikizidwa ndi zojambulidwa zazikulu zamkuwa zimatha mofulumira kwambiri kuti zithe kumaliza nthawi yokwanira. Zolakwitsa zambiri ndizotsekemera komanso zotsekemera, pomwe solder imangotsekedwa pachikhomo cha chinthucho osalumikizidwa ndi pad ya board. Kuchokera pakuwonekera, gawo lonse la solder lipanga mpira; Kuphatikiza apo, woyendetsa kuti athe kuwotcherera mapazi owotcherera pa bolodi lapaulendo ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunulira, kapena kutentha kwanthawi yayitali, kuti zinthuzo zizipitilira kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kuwonongeka osadziwa. Monga momwe chithunzi chili pansipa.

Popeza tikudziwa vuto, titha kuthetsa vutolo. Nthawi zambiri, timafunikira chomwe chimatchedwa Thermal Relief pad kapangidwe kuti tithetse vuto la kuwotcherera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mapazi otsekemera a zojambulazo zazikulu zamkuwa. Monga momwe tawonetsera pachithunzipa, zingwe kumanzere sizigwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotentha, pomwe kulumikizana kumanja kwatengera kulumikizana kwa mpweya wotentha. Titha kuwona kuti pali mizere ingapo ing’onoing’ono pamalo olumikizirana pakati pa pedi ndi zojambulazo zazikulu zamkuwa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kutentha kwa pedi ndikukwaniritsa kuwotcherera kwabwino.

Na. 5 – Yang’anani ntchito yanu

Ndikosavuta kumva kukhumudwa kumapeto kwa kapangidwe kake mukakung’udza ndi kudzaza zidutswa zonse pamodzi. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kawiri kapena katatu pamachitidwe anu pakadali pano kungatanthauze kusiyana pakati pakupanga bwino ndi kulephera.

Kuti muthandizire kumaliza kuwongolera machitidwe, timalangiza kuti muyambe ndi magetsi a Rule Rule (ERC) ndi Design Rule cheke (DRC) kuti mutsimikizire kuti mapangidwe anu amakwaniritsa malamulo ndi zopinga zonse. Ndi machitidwe onse awiriwa, mutha kuwona mosavuta chilolezo, maulalo amizere, mapangidwe apangidwe wamba, zofunikira kwambiri ndi kuthamanga kwakanthawi.

ERC yanu ndi DRC ikatulutsa zotsatira zopanda zolakwika, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwone kulumikizana kwa siginecha iliyonse, kuyambira pa schematic kupita ku PCB, mzere umodzi wazizindikiro panthawi kuti muwonetsetse kuti simukuphonya chilichonse. Komanso, gwiritsani ntchito kapangidwe kazida zopangira zida zanu kuti muonetsetse kuti mapangidwe anu a PCB akufanana ndi ziwonetsero zanu.