Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zolumikizira kuti amalize kupanga kwa PCB mwachangu?

Pepala ili likuyang’ana kwambiri pa PCB opanga omwe amagwiritsa ntchito IP, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mapulani a topology ndi zida zogwirira ntchito kuti athandizire IP, amaliza mwachangu mapangidwe onse a PCB. Monga mukuwonera kuchokera Chithunzi 1, wopanga makinawo ndi kupeza IP poyika zida zochepa zofunikira ndikukonzekera njira zolumikizirana pakati pawo. IP ikapezeka, chidziwitso cha IP chitha kuperekedwa kwa omwe amapanga ma PCB omwe amapanga zina zonse.

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Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 1: Akatswiri opanga ma IP amatenga IP, opanga ma PCB amagwiritsanso ntchito mapulani a topology ndi zida zolumikizira waya kuti athandizire IP, amaliza mwachangu mapangidwe onse a PCB.

M’malo mochita kulumikizana ndikuwongolera pakati pa akatswiri opanga mapangidwe ndi opanga ma PCB kuti apange zolinga zolondola, akatswiri opanga kale amapeza izi ndipo zotsatira zake ndizolondola, zomwe zimathandiza opanga ma PCB kwambiri. M’mapangidwe ambiri, akatswiri opanga mapangidwe a PCB ndi opanga ma PCB amachita mawonekedwe olumikizana ndi zingwe, zomwe zimawononga nthawi yofunika mbali zonse. Zakale, kulumikizana ndikofunikira, koma kumawononga nthawi komanso kosachita bwino. Dongosolo loyambirira lopangidwa ndi wopanga mapangidwe limatha kungokhala kujambula kopanda zofunikira, kukula kwa mabasi, kapena zikhomo zotulutsa pini.

Pomwe mainjiniya omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zakukonzekera zam’mutu amatha kutenga masanjidwe ndi kulumikizana kwa zinthu zina monga opanga ma PCB amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga, mapangidwe angafunike masanjidwe azinthu zina, kulanda nyumba zina za IO ndi mabasi, ndi kulumikizana konse.

Opanga ma PCB akuyenera kutsatira mapulani a topology ndikuyanjana ndi zigawo zosasimbidwa kuti akwaniritse bwino mapulani ndi kulumikizana, potero kukonza magwiridwe antchito a PCB.

Pambuyo poti madera ovuta komanso otalikirana akhazikitsidwe ndikukonzekera mapangidwe ake, mapangidwe ake akhoza kumalizidwa dongosolo la topology lisanachitike. Chifukwa chake, njira zina zam’mutu zimayenera kugwira ntchito ndi momwe zilili kale. Ngakhale ndizofunikira kwambiri, amafunikanso kulumikizidwa. Chifukwa chake gawo limodzi lakapangidwe lidapangidwa mozungulira kapangidwe kazinthuzo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonzekera kumeneku kungafune tsatanetsatane kuti apereke zofunikira zina kuzizindikiro zina.

Kukonzekera mwatsatanetsatane kwa topology

Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa tsatanetsatane wazinthuzo zitayikidwa kale. Basiyo ili ndi ma bits 17, ndipo imakhala ndi mayendedwe olondola.

 

Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 2: Mizere yapa mabasi awa ndi zotsatira zakukonzekera kwam’mutu ndi masanjidwe omwe ali patsogolo kwambiri.

Kuti akonzekere basi iyi, opanga ma PCB akuyenera kulingalira zopinga zomwe zilipo, malamulo osanjikiza, ndi zopinga zina zofunika. Poganizira izi, adapanga mapu a basi monga akuwonetsera pa Chithunzi 3.

Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 3: Basi yomwe yakonzedwa.

Pachithunzi chachitatu, mwatsatanetsatane “3” akuyika zikhomo zazomwe zili pamwamba pa “zofiira” panjira yam’mutu yomwe imachokera pazikhomo mpaka “1”. Dera lomwe silinalembedwe lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pagawoli, ndipo gawo loyamba lokhalo ndilo lokha lomwe limadziwika kuti kabling. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonekeratu pamalingaliro, ndipo njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zidzagwiritsa ntchito njira zam’mapazi zomwe zidalumikizidwa ndi zofiira. Komabe, zopinga zina zitha kupatsa ma algorithm njira zina zosanjikiza musanayende basi.

Basi ikamakonzedwa modutsa koyamba, wopanga amayamba kukonzekera kusunthira gawo lachitatu mwatsatanetsatane 3, poganizira mtunda womwe basi imadutsa PCB yonse. Dziwani kuti njirayi yachitatuyi ndiyotakata kuposa yosanjikiza chifukwa cha malo owonjezera omwe angakwaniritse zosokoneza. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kameneka kamatchula malo enieni (mabowo 17) pakusintha kosanjikiza.

Momwe njira ya topological imatsata gawo lamkati lamanja la Chithunzi 3 kupita mwatsatanetsatane “4”, mipiringidzo yambiri yopangidwa ndi T imodzi imayenera kutengedwa kuchokera kulumikizano wa njira zam’malo ndi zikhomo zamagulu. Kusankha kwa wopanga PCB ndikusunga kulumikizana kochuluka pamasamba 3 ndikudutsa zigawo zina zolumikizira zikhomo zamagawo. Chifukwa chake adalemba malo owerengera kuti awonetse kulumikizana kuchokera kumtolo waukulu mpaka wosanjikiza 4 (pinki), ndipo amalumikizana ndi ma T-mawonekedwe olumikizidwa ndi T-single kulumikizana ndi wosanjikiza 2 kenako kulumikizana ndi zikhomo zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo ena.

Njira zopitilira muyeso zimapitilira pamlingo wachitatu mpaka tsatanetsatane “3” kulumikiza zida zamagetsi. Zolumikirazi zimalumikizidwa kuchokera kuzikhomo zogwira ntchito kupita kukanikirira pansi pazida zogwiritsira ntchito. Wopanga amagwiritsa ntchito gawo lina lam’mutu kuti awongolere kulumikizana kuyambira wosanjikiza 3 mpaka wosanjikiza 1, pomwe zikhomo zamagawo zimagawika pazida zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zotsutsana.

Mulingo wokonzekereratuwu udatenga pafupifupi masekondi 30 kuti amalize. Dongosolo ili likangotengedwa, wopanga ma PCB angafune kuyendetsa nthawi yomweyo kapena kupanga mapulani ena azam’mwamba, kenako ndikumaliza mapulani onse a topology ndikuwongolera zokha. Pasanathe masekondi 10 kuchokera pomwe mapulani adakwaniritsidwa mpaka pazotsatira zamagetsi. Kuthamanga sikulibe kanthu, ndipo kwenikweni ndikungotaya nthawi ngati zolinga za wopanga sizinyalanyazidwa ndipo mtundu wamawotchi wokhawo siabwino. Zithunzi zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa zotsatira za zingwe zamagetsi.

Njira Zapamwamba

Kuyambira pamwamba kumanzere, mawaya onse ochokera pazikhomo zazinthu amakhala pa 1, monga akuwonetsera wopanga, ndikukakamizidwa mgalimoto yolimba, monga zikuwonetsedwa mu Tsatanetsatane “1” ndi “2” mu Chithunzi 4. Kusintha pakati pa mulingo woyamba ndi mulingo wachitatu kumachitika mwatsatanetsatane “1” ndipo imatenga mawonekedwe owonera malo kwambiri. Apanso, chinthu cha impedance chimaganiziridwa, chifukwa chake mizereyo ndiyotakata komanso yolumikizana, monga ikuyimiridwa ndi njira yeniyeni yopingasa.

Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 4: Zotsatira za mayendedwe ndi topologies 1 ndi 3.

Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mwatsatanetsatane “4” mu Chithunzi 5, njira ya topology imakhala yayikulu chifukwa chofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mabowo kuti akwaniritse zolumikizana za mtundu umodzi wa T. Apa dongosololi likuwonetsanso cholinga cha wopanga zinthu zosinthana za T-mtundu umodzi, wolumikizira kuyambira pa 3 mpaka 4. Kuphatikiza apo, tsambalo lachitatu ndilolimba kwambiri, ngakhale limakulitsa pang’ono pobowolera, posakhalitsa limamangidwanso likadutsa dzenje.

Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 5: Zotsatira zakuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane topology 4.

Chithunzi 6 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za zingwe zodziwikiratu mwatsatanetsatane “5”. Maulumikizidwe azida zogwiritsira ntchito wosanjikiza 3 amafunikira kutembenuka kukhala wosanjikiza 1. Maenje obowolerawo adakonzedwa bwino pamwamba pazikhomo, ndipo waya wosanjikiza 1 umalumikizidwa ndi chinthu choyamba ndikugwiranso cholumikizira.

Kodi opanga ma PCB angagwiritse ntchito bwanji mapulani a topology ndi zida zamagetsi kuti amalize kukonza kwa PCB mwachangu

Chithunzi 6: Zotsatira zakuyenda ndi tsatanetsatane 5 topology.

Pomaliza pa chitsanzo chapamwambachi ndikuti mabatani 17 amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane wazinthu zinayi zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zikuyimira cholinga cha wopanga ndi kuwongolera njira, yomwe imatha kujambulidwa pafupifupi masekondi 30. Kenako zingwe zokhazokha zitha kuchitidwa bwino, nthawi yomwe ili pafupi ndi masekondi 10.

Potukula mulingo wazochepera kuchokera pakupanga zingwe kupita kumalingaliro am’maphunziro am’mwamba, nthawi yolumikizirana yonse imachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo opanga amakhala ndi chidziwitso chomveka bwino cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kuthekera kotsiriza kapangidwe kake asanalumikizane, monga chifukwa chake kulumikizana mpaka pano kapangidwe kake? Bwanji osapitiliza ndi kukonzekera ndikuwonjezera zingwe kumbuyo? Kodi topology yonse idzakonzedwa liti? Ngati chitsanzo chapamwambachi chalingaliridwa, kuchotsa kwa pulani imodzi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi pulani ina m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki 17 osiyana okhala ndi mizere yambiri ndi mabowo ambiri pamaneti onse, lingaliro lomwe ndilofunika kwambiri mukaganizira za Engineering Change Order (ECO) .

Engineering Change Order (ECO)

Mu chitsanzo chotsatira, kutulutsa kwa FPGA pini sikokwanira. Akatswiri opanga mapangidwe awuza opanga ma PCB za izi, koma pazifukwa, ayenera kupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe momwe angathere FPGA pini isanathe.

Pankhani yotulutsa pini yodziwika, PCB wopanga ayamba kukonzekera malo a FPGA, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, wopanga ayenera kulingalira zotsogolera kuchokera ku zida zina kupita ku FPGA. IO idakonzedwa kuti ikhale mbali yakumanja ya FPGA, koma tsopano ili kumanzere kwa FPGA, ndikupangitsa kuti pini yotulutsa ikhale yosiyana kotheratu ndi pulani yoyambayo. Chifukwa opanga amapangira ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri, amatha kuthana ndi zosinthazi pochotsa pamutu posunthira ma waya onse mozungulira FPGA ndikuisintha ndi kusintha kwa njira zam’mutu.

Komabe, si ma FPG okha omwe amakhudzidwa; Zotulutsa zatsopanozi zimakhudzanso zotsogola zotuluka pazida zina. Mapeto a njirayo amasunthiranso kuti akwaniritse njira yolowera yotsogola; Kupanda kutero, zingwe zopindika-ziwiri zitha kupindika, ndikuwononga malo ofunika pa PCB yochulukirapo. Kupindika ma bits awa kumafuna malo owonjezera a zingwe ndi ma perforations, omwe sangakumane nawo kumapeto kwa gawo lakapangidwe. Dongosolo likadakhala lolimba, zikadakhala zosatheka kuti musinthe njira zonsezi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kukonzekera kwam’mwamba kumapereka chidziwitso chokwanira, chifukwa chake kukhazikitsa ma ECO ndikosavuta.

Njira zodziwikiratu zomwe zimatsata wopanga zimayika patsogolo pazoyang’anira. Ngati vuto lodziwika ladziwika, ndibwino kulola kulumikizana kulephera m’malo mopanga waya yolakwika, pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, ndikosavuta kulumikiza kulumikizana kolephera kuposa kuyeretsa kachingwe kameneka ndi zotsatira zoyipa ndi ntchito zina zamaway zomwe zimathandizira kulumikiza. Chachiwiri, cholinga cha wopanga chimachitika ndipo wopanga amatsalira kuti adziwe kulumikizana kwake. Komabe, malingaliro awa ndi othandiza pokhapokha ngati kulumikizana kwa zingwe zopanda zingwe kumakhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndikulephera kwa chingwe kukwaniritsa 100% yolumikizidwa. M’malo modzimana kwambiri, lolani kuti mapulani ena alephereke, kusiya zingwe zina zosalumikizidwa. Zingwe zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi mapulani a topology, koma sizinthu zonse zomwe zimabweretsa zikhomo. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti pali malo olumikizirana omwe alephera ndipo zimapereka kulumikizana kosavuta.

Chidule cha nkhaniyi

Kukonzekera kwa topology ndi chida chomwe chimagwira ntchito ndi ma digito ojambulidwa ndi PCB ndipo chimapezeka mosavuta kwa akatswiri opanga mapangidwe, komanso chimakhala ndi malo, malo osanjikiza, komanso kulumikizana kwakutengera kulingalira kovuta. Opanga ma PCB atha kugwiritsa ntchito chida chokonzekera topology koyambirira kwa kapangidwe kake kapena pambuyo poti wopanga makina atapeza IP yawo, kutengera yemwe akugwiritsa ntchito chida chosinthikachi kuti agwirizane ndi kapangidwe kake.

Othandizira ma topology amangotsatira dongosolo la wopanga kapena cholinga chopereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Kukonzekera kwa topology, ikayang’anizana ndi ECO, imagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri kuposa kulumikizana kwapadera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti topology cabler itenge ECO mwachangu, ndikupereka zotsatira zachangu komanso zolondola.