PCB ( bolodi losindikizidwa ) Kulumikizana kumachita mbali yayikulu pama circuits othamanga kwambiri. Pepalali limafotokoza makamaka za vuto la zingwe zama circuits othamanga kwambiri kuchokera momwe angathandizire. Cholinga chachikulu ndikuthandiza ogwiritsa ntchito atsopano kudziwa zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimafunika kuganiziridwa popanga zingwe za PCB zama circuits othamanga kwambiri. Cholinga china ndikupereka zinthu zotsitsimutsa kwa makasitomala omwe sanawonepo kachingwe ka PCB kwakanthawi. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo, sikutheka kufotokoza zonse mwatsatanetsatane m’nkhaniyi, koma tikambirana magawo ofunikira omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu pakukweza magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa nthawi yopanga, ndikusunga nthawi yosintha.

Momwe mungapangire PCB pamalingaliro othandiza

Ngakhale cholinga chake pano chili pama circuits okhudzana ndi ma amplifiers othamanga kwambiri, mavuto ndi njira zomwe takambirana pano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira ma circuits ena ambiri othamanga. Ma amplifiers ogwira ntchito akagwira ntchito m’mabande apamwamba kwambiri a wailesi (RF), magwiridwe antchito amadalira kwambiri kulumikizana ndi PCB. Zomwe zimawoneka ngati mawonekedwe oyenda bwino kwambiri pa “board board” zitha kutha kugwira ntchito ngati sizili bwino chifukwa cha zingwe zosasamala. Kukonzekereratu ndikuwonetsetsa pazofunikira pazonse zolumikizira zingathandize kutsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a dera.

Chithunzi chojambula

Ngakhale masamu abwino samatsimikizira kulumikizana kwabwino, kuyika bwino kumayambira ndi masamu abwino. Chithunzicho chikuyenera kujambulidwa mosamala ndikuwongolera mayendedwe azigawo zonse. Ngati muli ndi mayendedwe abwinobwino, okhazikika kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja pachimake, muyenera kukhala ndi mayendedwe abwino pa PCB. Perekani zambiri zothandiza momwe mungathere pa chiwonetserochi. Chifukwa nthawi zina mainjiniya opanga madera samapezeka, kasitomala amatifunsa kuti tithandizire kuthetsa vuto la dera. Opanga, akatswiri ndi mainjiniya omwe amachita ntchitoyi adzathokoza kwambiri, kuphatikizapo ife.

Kupatula zomwe zimadziwika nthawi zonse, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kulekerera zolakwika, ndi ziti zina zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa mwatsatanetsatane? Nawa malingaliro othandizira kusintha mapangidwe wamba kukhala zoyeserera zoyambira. Onjezani mawonekedwe amawu, zidziwitso za chipolopolo, kutalika kwa mzere, malo opanda kanthu; Sonyezani zomwe ziyenera kuyikidwa pa PCB; Perekani zambiri zakusintha, kuchuluka kwamitundu yayikulu, chidziwitso chakutentha, kuwongolera ma impedance pamizere, zolemba, mafotokozedwe achidule amachitidwe … (mwa ena).

Osakhulupirira aliyense

Ngati simukupanga wiring yanu, onetsetsani kuti mulola nthawi yochulukirapo kuti muwone momwe makinawo amapangira. Kupewa pang’ono kumafunika nthawi zana ngati mankhwala pano. Musayembekezere kuti munthu wonyamula zovala amvetsetsa zomwe mukuganiza. Kulowetsa kwanu ndi chitsogozo chanu ndizofunikira kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa kapangidwe ka zingwe. Zambiri zomwe mungapereke komanso kutengapo gawo pakuchita zingwe zamagetsi, ndi bwino kuti PCB ikhale chifukwa chake. Khazikitsani malo omaliza opanga makina opanga ma cabling – cheke mwachangu lipoti lachitukuko chomwe mukufuna. Njira “yotsekedwa yotsekerayi” imalepheretsa kulumikizana kwa waya kuti isasokereke ndikuchepetsa mwayi wokonzanso.

Malangizo kwa akatswiri opanga zingwe ndi monga: kufotokozera mwachidule ntchito zamagawo, zojambula za PCB zosonyeza malo olowera ndi kutulutsa, ma PCB osunthira zambiri (mwachitsanzo, bolodi ndilokulu bwanji, pali zigawo zingati, tsatanetsatane wa chizindikiro chilichonse ndi ndege – kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu , nthaka, analog, digito ndi ma RF); Magawo amafunika ma siginolo; Amafuna kuyika zinthu zofunika; Malo enieni a chinthu cholambalala; Ndi mizere iti yosindikizidwa yomwe ili yofunikira; Ndi mizere iti yomwe iyenera kuyendetsa ma impedance osindikizidwa; Ndi mizere iti yomwe iyenera kufanana ndi kutalika kwake; Makulidwe a zigawo zikuluzikulu; Mizere iti yomwe imasindikizidwa iyenera kukhala kutali (kapena pafupi) wina ndi mnzake; Ndi mizere iti yomwe imayenera kukhala kutali (kapena pafupi) wina ndi mnzake; Zomwe ndizofunikira kukhala kutali (kapena pafupi); Zomwe zigawo ziyenera kuikidwa pamwamba ndi ziti pansi pa PCB? Osadandaula kuti muyenera kuuza wina zambiri – zochepa kwambiri? Ndi; Zopitilira muyeso? Ayi konse.

Phunziro limodzi lophunzirira: Pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo, ndidapanga bolodi lazoyambira zingapo – gululi linali ndi magawo mbali zonse ziwiri. Mbale zimamangiriridwa ku chipolopolo cha aluminiyamu chodzaza ndi golide (chifukwa chazitsulo zosasunthika). Zipini zomwe zimapereka chakudya chadyera kudzera pa bolodi. Piniyo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi PCB ndi waya wowotcherera. Ndi chida chovuta kwambiri. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zili mgululi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayeso (SAT). Koma ndatanthauzira ndendende komwe zinthuzi zili. Kodi mungaganizire komwe zidazi zimayikidwa? Pansi pa bolodi, panjira. Akatswiri opanga malonda ndi akatswiri samakhala okondwa akafunika kuti atenge chinthu chonsecho ndikuchiyikanso akamaliza kukonza. Kuyambira pamenepo sindinalakwitsenso.

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Monga mu PCB, malo ndi chilichonse. Komwe dera limayikidwa pa PCB, pomwe zida zake zamagawo zimayikidwa, komanso ma circuits ena omwe ali moyandikira ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri, zolowetsera, zotulutsa komanso magetsi zimakonzedweratu, koma oyenda pakati pawo amafunika kukhala “opanga”. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kumvetsera tsatanetsatane wa zingwe kumatha kupereka phindu lalikulu. Yambani ndikupezeka kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu, lingalirani za dera ndi PCB yonse. Kufotokozera komwe kuli zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi njira yazizindikiro kuyambira pachiyambi zimathandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kake kamagwira ntchito momwe amafunira. Kupeza kapangidwe kake nthawi yoyamba kumachepetsa mtengo ndi kupsinjika – motero zochitika zachitukuko.

Dutsani magetsi

Kudutsa mbali yamagetsi yama amplifier kuti muchepetse phokoso ndichinthu chofunikira pakupanga kwa PCB – zonse zama amplifiers othamanga kwambiri komanso ma circuits ena othamanga kwambiri. Pali mawonekedwe awiri odziwika bwino a ma amplifiers ogwiritsa ntchito othamanga kwambiri.

Kukhazikitsa mphamvu: Njirayi imagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor angapo a shunt kukhazikitsa zikhomo zamagetsi za op amp. Ma shunt capacitors ambiri amakhala okwanira – koma kuwonjezera ma shunt capacitors kungakhale kopindulitsa kuma circuits ena.

Kufananitsa ma capacitors ndi ma capacitance osiyanasiyana kumathandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti zikhomo zamagetsi zimangowona kutsika kwamphamvu kwa AC pagulu lonse. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pafupipafupi zoteteza mphamvu zamagetsi (PSR). The capacitor imathandizira kulipirira PSR yochepetsedwa yama amplifier. Njira zoyambira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lochepa pamitundu yambiri ya tenx zithandizira kuti phokoso loipa lisalowe mu amplifier yogwira ntchito. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa zaubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zingapo. Pamagetsi otsika, ma capacitors akulu amapereka mwayi wofika pansi pamayendedwe ochepa. Koma ma frequency akamafika pafupipafupi, ma capacitors amayamba kuchepa kwambiri ndikuyamba kukonda kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kukhala ndi ma capacitors angapo: momwe kuyankha kwamafupipafupi kwa capacitor kamodzi kumayamba kuchepa, kuyankha kwamafupipafupi a capacitor winayo kumayamba, motero kukhala ndi mpweya wotsika kwambiri wa AC pamiyala yambiri ya octave.

Yambani mwachindunji kuchokera pini yamagetsi yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito; Ma capacitors okhala ndi capacitance yocheperako komanso makulidwe ocheperako amayenera kuyikidwa mbali yomweyo ya PCB monga chopangira mphamvu – pafupi ndi mkuzamawu momwe zingathere. Malo okwerera ma capacitor adzalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ndege yolowera ndi pini lalifupi kwambiri kapena waya wosindikizidwa. Kulumikizana kokhazikitsidwa pamwambapa kudzakhala pafupi kumapeto kwa katundu wa amplifier momwe zingathere kuti muchepetse kusokonezedwa pakati pamagetsi ndi kumapeto kwa nthaka. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa njira yolumikizira iyi.

Njirayi iyenera kubwerezedwanso kwa ma sublarge capacitors. Ndibwino kuyamba ndi capacitance yocheperako ya 0.01 μF ndikuyika electrolytic capacitor yokhala ndi otsika ofanana nawo (ESR) a 2.2 μF (kapena kupitilira apo) pafupi nayo. The 0.01 μF capacitor yokhala ndi 0508 nyumba kukula kwake kumakhala kotsika kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito pafupipafupi.

Mphamvu-ku-mphamvu: Kusintha kwina kumagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira chimodzi kapena zingapo zolumikizira zolumikizana pakati pazabwino ndi zoyipa zamagetsi zamagetsi zokuthandizira. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zikavuta kukhazikitsa ma capacitor anayi mdera. Chosavuta ndichakuti kukula kwa nyumba yama capacitor kumatha kuwonjezeka chifukwa voliyumu yodutsa capacitor ndiyokwana kawiri mtengo wa njira yolowera limodzi. Kuchulukitsa kwamagetsi kumafunikira kukulitsa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zidawonongeka, zomwe zikutanthauza kukulitsa kukula kwa nyumba. Komabe, njirayi itha kusintha magwiridwe antchito a PSR ndikusokoneza.

Chifukwa dera lililonse ndi zingwe ndizosiyana, kasinthidwe, kuchuluka kwake, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma capacitor kumadalira zofunikira za dera lenileni.

Zotsatira zamatenda

Zotsatira zamatenda ndizoyipa zomwe zimalowa mu PCB yanu ndikuwononga, kupweteka mutu, komanso kuwonongeka kosadziwika padera. Ndiwo ma capacitor obisalira omwe amapita kuma circuits othamanga kwambiri. Zomwe zimaphatikizapo inductance ya parasitic yopangidwa ndi pini phukusi ndi waya wosindikizidwa motalika kwambiri; Mphamvu yama parasitic yopangidwa pakati pa pad mpaka pansi, pad mpaka ndege yamagetsi ndi pad kuti musindikize mzere; Kuyanjana pakati pa mabowo, ndi zina zambiri zotheka.