Eli nqaku lihlalutya ikakhulu iinkqubo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi PCB inkqubo yonyango lomphezulu: igolide ye-nickel yekhemikhali kunye namanyathelo enkqubo ye-OSP kunye neempawu.

1. Igolide yenikeli yekhemikhali

1.1 Amanyathelo asisiseko

Ukuthoba igrisi → ukuhlamba amanzi → ukungathathi hlangothi → ukuhlamba amanzi → ukukrolwa kancinci → ukuhlamba amanzi → ukufunxa kwangaphambili → ukwenza isebenze ipalladium → ukuvuthela nokushukumisa ukuhlamba amanzi → nickel engenambane → ukuhlamba amanzi ashushu → igolide engenambane → ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ukuvasa amanzi → ukuhlamba amanzi emva konyango → ukomisa

1.2 Nickel engenambane

A. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-nickel e-electroless ihlulwe ibe yi “displacement” kunye ne “self-catalyzed” iintlobo. Zininzi iifomyula, kodwa nokuba yeyiphi na, umgangatho wokugquma wobushushu obuphezulu ungcono.

B. Nickel Chloride (Nickel Chloride) isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengetyuwa yenickel

C. Iiarhente zokunciphisa ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yiHypophosphite/Formaldehyde/Hydrazine/Borohydride/Amine Borane

D. I-Citrate yeyona arhente ixhaphakileyo ye-chelating.

E. I-pH yesisombululo sokuhlambela kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ilawulwe. Ngokwesiko, i-ammonia (i-Amonia) isetyenziswa, kodwa kukho iifomyula ezisebenzisa i-triethanol ammonia (Triethanol Amine). Ukongeza kwi-pH ehlengahlengiswayo kunye nokuzinza kwe-ammonia kumaqondo aphezulu, iphinda idibanise ne-sodium citrate ukwenza i-nickel yensimbi epheleleyo. I-agent ye-Chelating, ukwenzela ukuba i-nickel ifakwe kwiindawo ezicwengiweyo ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo.

F. Ukongeza ekunciphiseni iingxaki zokungcola, ukusetyenziswa kwe-sodium hypophosphite nako kunempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho wengubo.

G. Le yenye yeefomyula zeetanki zenickel zekhemikhali.

Uhlalutyo lweempawu zokuqulunqa:

A. Impembelelo yexabiso le-PH: i-turbidity iya kwenzeka xa i-pH iphantsi kwe-8, kwaye ukubola kuya kwenzeka xa i-pH iphezulu kune-10. Ayinayo impembelelo ecacileyo kumxholo we-phosphorus, izinga lokubeka kunye nomxholo we-phosphorus.

B. Impembelelo yobushushu: iqondo lobushushu linempembelelo enkulu kwisantya semvula, ukusabela kucotha ngaphantsi kwe-70 ° C, kwaye izinga likhawuleza ngaphezu kwe-95 ° C kwaye alikwazi ukulawulwa. 90°C yeyona nto ingcono.

C. Kwi-concentration yokwakheka, umxholo we-sodium citrate uphezulu, i-concentration ye-agent ye-chelating iyanda, izinga lokubeka liyancipha, kwaye umxholo we-phosphorus uyanda kunye ne-concentration ye-agent ye-chelating. Umxholo we-phosphorus wenkqubo ye-triethanolamine unokude ube phezulu njenge-15.5%.

D. Njengoko i-concentration ye-agent yokunciphisa i-sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite iyanda, izinga lokubeka liyanda, kodwa isisombululo sokuhlambela sichitha xa sidlula i-0.37M, ngoko ukugxininiswa akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu, kuyingozi kakhulu. Akukho budlelwane obucacileyo phakathi komxholo we-phosphorus kunye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kufanelekile ukulawula ukugxininiswa malunga ne-0.1M.

E. Ukuxinwa kwe-triethanolamine kuya kuchaphazela umxholo we-phosphorus we-coating kunye nezinga lokubeka. I-concentration ephezulu, iphantsi komxholo we-phosphorus kunye nokucotha ukufakwa, ngoko ke kungcono ukugcina ugxininiso malunga ne-0.15M. Ukongezelela ekulungiseni i-pH, inokusetyenziswa njenge-metal chelator.

F. Ukususela kwingxoxo, kuyaziwa ukuba i-sodium citrate concentration inokulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze iguqule ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-phosphorus wengubo.

H. Iiarhente zokunciphisa ngokubanzi zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini:

Umphezulu wethusi ubukhulu becala awusebenziswanga ukwenzela ukuba uvelise umbane ongalunganga ukufezekisa injongo “yokucwenga okuvulekileyo”. Umphezulu wobhedu wamkela indlela yokuqala ye-electroless palladium. Ngoko ke, kukho i-phosphorus eutectosis ekuphenduleni, kunye ne-4-12% umxholo we-phosphorus uqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, xa ubuninzi be-nickel bukhulu, i-coating ilahlekelwa u-elasticity kunye ne-magnetism, kwaye i-gloss brittle iyanda, ilungele ukuthintela umhlwa kunye nokubi kwi-wire bonding kunye ne-welding.

1.3 akukho mbane igolide

A. Igolide engenambane yohlulwe yaba “yigolide echithwayo” kunye “negolide engenambane”. Eyangaphambili yile ibizwa ngokuba “yigolide yokuntywiliselwa” (i-lmmersion Gold plaTIing). I-plating layer ibhityile kwaye umphezulu ongezantsi ufakwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye uyayeka. Le yokugqibela yamkela i-arhente yokunciphisa ukubonelela ngee-electron ukuze umaleko wokucwenga uqhubeke nokujiya i-nickel engena-electro.

B. Ifomyula yeempawu zendlela yokusabela yokunciphisa yile: ukuncitshiswa kwesiqingatha sokusabela: Au e-Au0 i-oxidation yesiqingatha se-reaction formula: Reda Ox e- full reaction formula: Au Red aAu0 Ox.

C. Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngezakhiwo zemithombo yegolide kunye nee-ejenti zokunciphisa, ifomyula yokucwenga yegolide engena-electroless kufuneka kwakhona isetyenziswe ngokudityaniswa ne-chelating agents, i-stabilizers, i-buffers kunye ne-ejenti zokudumba ukuze zisebenze.

D. Ezinye iingxelo zophando zibonisa ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho weekhemikhali zegolide ziphuculwe. Ukukhethwa kwee-arhente zokunciphisa ngundoqo. Ukususela kwi-formaldehyde yokuqala ukuya kwiikhompawundi ze-borohydride zamva nje, i-borohydride ye-potassium ineyona mpembelelo ixhaphakileyo. Isebenza ngakumbi xa isetyenziswe ngokudibeneyo nezinye ii-agent zokunciphisa.

E. Izinga lokubekelwa ukutyabeka liyenyuka ngokunyuka kwe-potassium hydroxide kunye nokunciphisa i-arhente yoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu bokuhlamba, kodwa iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-potassium cyanide concentration.

F. Ubushushu bokusebenza kweenkqubo zentengiso ubukhulu becala bujikeleze i-90 ° C, olu luvavanyo olukhulu lokuzinza kwezinto.

G. Ukuba ukukhula kwecala kwenzeka kwi-substrate yesiphaluka esincinci, kunokubangela ingozi yesekethe emfutshane.

H. Igolide eThin ithanda ukuba porosity kwaye kulula ukwenza i-Galvanic Cell Corrosion K. Ingxaki ye-porosity yomaleko wegolide obhityileyo inokusonjululwa nge-post-processing passivation equlethe i-phosphorus.