Eli phepha ligxile kwi PCB abayili abasebenzisa i-IP, kunye nokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa isicwangciso sombilo kunye nezixhobo zendlela yokuxhasa i-IP, ngokukhawuleza bayigqibe yonke uyilo lwePCB. Njengoko ubona kuMzobo 1, uxanduva lweenjineli zoyilo kukufumana i-IP ngokubeka inani elincinci lezinto eziyimfuneko kunye nokucwangcisa iindlela zokudibanisa eziphakathi kwazo. Nje ukuba i-IP ifunyenwe, ulwazi lwe-IP luya kunikwa abayili be-PCB abenza yonke uyilo.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 1: Iinjineli zoyilo zifumana i-IP, abayili be-PCB baqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukucwangciswa kwethopholoji kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring zokuxhasa i-IP, ngokukhawuleza bayigqibe yonke uyilo lwe-PCB.

Endaweni yokuba uhambe ngenkqubo yokunxibelelana kunye nokuphindaphinda phakathi kweenjineli zoyilo kunye nabaqulunqi bePCB ukufumana injongo yoyilo oluchanekileyo, iinjineli zoyilo sele zilufumene olu lwazi kwaye iziphumo zichanekile ngokufanelekileyo, ezinceda abayili bePCB kakhulu. Kuyilo oluninzi, iinjineli zoyilo kunye nabaqulunqi bePCB benza ubume obunxibelelanayo kunye nokufaka iintambo, okuchitha ixesha elibalulekileyo kumacala omabini. Ngokwembali, intsebenzo iyimfuneko, kodwa ichitha ixesha kwaye ayisebenzi. Isicwangciso sokuqala esibonelelwe yinjineli yoyilo sinokuba ngumzobo wesandla ngaphandle kwezinto ezifanelekileyo, ububanzi bebhasi, okanye izikhombisi zokukhupha iipini.

Ngelixa iinjineli ezisebenzisa ubuchwephesha bokucwangcisa ubuchwephesha zinokubamba ubeko kunye nokunxibelelana kwamanye amacandelo njengoko abayili bePCB babandakanyeka kuyilo, uyilo lunokufuna ubeko lwamanye amacandelo, ukubamba ezinye i-IO kunye nolwakhiwo lweebhasi, kunye nakho konke ukunxibelelana.

Abaqulunqi be-PCB kufuneka basebenzise isicwangciso sombilo kunye nokunxibelelana nezinto ezibekiweyo kunye nezingafakwanga ukufezekisa uyilo oluphezulu kunye nocwangciso lokusebenzisana, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwa ukusebenza koyilo lwe-PCB.

Emva kokuba iindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinoxinano oluphezulu zibekiwe kwaye ucwangciso lwetopoloji lufunyenwe, uyilo lunokugqitywa ngaphambi kokucwangciswa kokugqibela kwentloko. Ke ngoko, ezinye iindlela zetoyiloji kungafuneka zisebenze nolwakhiwo esele lukhona. Nangona zibaluleke kakhulu, zisafuna ukudityaniswa. Yiyo loo nto icandelo locwangciso laveliswa malunga nokuma kwezinto. Ukongeza, eli nqanaba lokucwangcisa linokufuna iinkcukacha ezithe kratya ukunika ukubekwa phambili okuyimfuneko kweminye imiqondiso.

Isicwangciso sopopayi esineenkcukacha

Umzobo 2 ubonakalisa ubume obucacisiweyo bezinto emva kokuba zibekiwe. Ibhasi ineebhithi ezili-17 zizonke, kwaye zinendlela yokuhamba kwemiqondiso ecwangciswe kakuhle.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 2: Imigca yenethiwekhi yezibhasi sisiphumo sokucwangciswa kwethopholoji kunye nolwakhiwo ngokubekwa phambili.

Ukucwangcisa le bhasi, abayili be-PCB kufuneka baqwalasele izithintelo ezikhoyo, imithetho yoyilo, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezibalulekileyo. Ngezi meko engqondweni, bathathe imephu yendlela yebhasi njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo 3.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 3: Ibhasi ecwangcisiweyo.

Kumzobo 3, iinkcukacha “1” zibeka izikhonkwane zecandelo kumaleko aphezulu “obomvu” kwindlela yethopholoji ekhokelela kwicandelo lezikhonkwane kwiinkcukacha “2”. Indawo engavulelwanga indawo esetyenziselwe eli candelo, kwaye kuphela ngumaleko wokuqala ochongiweyo njengobumba wekhabhathi. Oku kubonakala kucacile kumbono woyilo, kwaye i-algorithm yokuhamba iya kusebenzisa indlela ye-topological kunye nophahla oluphezulu oluqhagamshelwe kubomvu. Nangona kunjalo, eminye imiqobo inokubonelela nge-algorithm nolunye ukhetho lokuhamba ngaphambi kokuhambisa ngokuzenzekelayo le bhasi.

Njengokuba ibhasi ihlelwe ngokulandelelana okukuko kwinqanaba lokuqala, umyili uqala ukucwangcisa ukutshintshela kwisakhelo sesithathu ngokweenkcukacha ze-3, ethathela ingqalelo umgama ohamba ngebhasi kuyo yonke i-PCB. Qaphela ukuba lendlela ye topological kumaleko wesithathu ibanzi kunaleyo ingaphezulu ngenxa yendawo eyongezelelweyo efunekayo ukulungiselela impedance. Ukongeza, uyilo luchaza eyona ndawo (imingxunya eyi-17) yenguqulelo yomaleko.

Njengoko umgaqo wethopholoji ulandela icandelo leziko lasekunene loMzobo 3 ukuya kwiinkcukacha “4”, iindawo ezininzi ezimilise okwe-T enye kufuneka zitsalwe kunxibelelwano lwendlela yezobugcisa kunye nezikhonkwane zecandelo ngalinye. Ukhetho lomyili wePCB kukugcina uninzi loqhakamshelwano loqhagamshelo kumaleko we-3 ukuya kwezinye iindlela zokuqhagamshela izikhonkwane zecandelo. Ke bazobe indawo yethopholoji ukubonisa unxibelelwano ukusuka kwisiqwengana esiphambili ukuya kumaleko 4 (epinki), kwaye banabafowunelwa bodwa benziwe ngo-T badibanisa kumaleko 2 emva koko banxibelelane nezikhonkwane zefowuni besebenzisa eminye imingxunya.

Iindlela ze-topological ziyaqhubeka kwinqanaba le-3 ukuya kwiinkcukacha “5” ukudibanisa izixhobo ezisebenzayo. Olu nxibelelwano ludityanisiwe ukusuka kwizikhonkwane ezisebenzayo ukuya kwisichaso sokutsala ezantsi kwesixhobo esisebenzayo. Umyili usebenzisa enye indawo yethopholoji ukulawula unxibelelwano ukusuka kumaleko 3 ukuya ku-1, apho izikhonkwane zecandelo zahlulwe zizixhobo ezisebenzayo kunye nezichasi ezirhuqwayo.

Eli nqanaba lokucwangciswa kweenkcukacha lithathe malunga nemizuzwana engama-30 ukuba igqitywe. Nje ukuba esi sicwangciso sibanjiwe, umyili wePCB unokufuna ukuhamba kwangoko okanye enze ezinye izicwangciso zetoyiloji, emva koko agqibe zonke izicwangciso zobuchwephesha ngohambo oluzenzekelayo. Ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana eli-10 ukusuka ekugqityweni kwesicwangciso ukuya kwiziphumo ze-wiring ezenzekelayo. Isantya asibalulekanga kangako, kwaye eneneni yinkcitha xesha ukuba iinjongo zoyilo azihoywanga kwaye umgangatho we-othomathikhi awulunganga. Imizobo elandelayo ibonisa iziphumo ze-wiring ezenzekelayo.

Ukuhamba ngeTopology

Ukuqala phezulu ngasekhohlo, zonke iingcingo ezivela kwicandelo lezikhonkwane zibekwe kumaleko 1, njengoko kubonisiwe ngumyili, kwaye zixinaniswe kwisakhiwo sebhasi esixineneyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiiNkcukacha “1” kunye “2” kuMzobo 4. Utshintsho phakathi kwenqanaba loku-1 kunye nenqanaba lesi-3 lwenzeka ngokweenkcukacha “3” kwaye luthatha uhlobo lwesithuba esisebenzisa kakhulu umngxunya. Kwakhona, impedance factor ithathelwa ingqalelo, ke imigca ibanzi kwaye yahlulwe ngakumbi, njengoko imelwe yindlela eyiyo ububanzi.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 4: Iziphumo zendlela kunye neetophology 1 kunye 3.

Njengoko kubonisiwe ngokweenkcukacha “4” kuMzobo 5, indlela yethopholoji iba nkulu ngenxa yesidingo sokusebenzisa imingxunya ukulungiselela ukudibana kohlobo olunye lwe-T. Apha isicwangciso siphinda sibonakalise injongo yoyilo yezi ndawo zinokutshintshiselana ngo-T-uhlobo olunye, iintambo ukusuka kumaleko 3 ukuya kuluhlu 4. Ukongeza, umkhondo okumaleko wesithathu uqinile kakhulu, nangona uyanda kancinci kumngxunya wokufaka, kungekudala uyaphakama emva kokudlula emngxunyeni.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 5: Iziphumo zendlela kunye neenkcukacha zetopiki.

Umzobo 6 ubonakalisa isiphumo seentambo ezizenzekelayo ngokweenkcukacha “5”. Ukuqhagamshela isixhobo esisebenzayo kumaleko 3 kufuna ukuguqulwa kubume boku-1. Imingxunya egqobhoziweyo icwangciswe kakuhle ngaphezulu kwezikhonkwane zento, kwaye umaleko 1 wocingo luqhagamshelwe kwicandelo elisebenzayo kuqala emva koko umaleko 1 wokutsala okuchasayo.

Bangayisebenzisa njani i-PCB abayili be-topology kunye nezixhobo ze-wiring ukugqibezela uyilo lwe-PCB ngokukhawuleza

Umzobo 6: Iziphumo zendlela kunye neenkcukacha zetopiki.

Ukuqukunjelwa kwalo mzekelo ungasentla kukuba iibhloko ezili-17 zichaziwe kwiindidi zezixhobo ezine ezahlukeneyo, ezimele injongo yoyilo yomaleko kunye nolwalathiso lwendlela, olunokubanjwa malunga nemizuzwana engama-30. Emva koko iintambo zombane ezizenzekelayo zinokuqhutywa, ixesha elimalunga nemizuzwana eli-10.

Ngokunyusa inqanaba lokukhupha ukusuka ekucwangcisweni kweentambo ukuya kucwangciso lwethopholoji, ixesha lokudityaniswa lilonke liyancitshiswa, kwaye abayili banokuqonda okucacileyo kokuxinana kunye nokukwazi ukugqibezela uyilo ngaphambi kokuba uqhagamshelo luqale, njengokugcina i-wiring kweli nqanaba uyilo? Kutheni ungaqhubeki phambili nocwangciso kwaye ungeze i-wiring ngasemva? Iya kucwangciswa nini itopiki epheleleyo? Ukuba lo mzekelo ungasentla uthathelwa ingqalelo, ukurhoxiswa kwesicwangciso esinye kunokusetyenziswa nesinye isicwangciso kunokuba kuthungelwe iinethiwekhi ezili-17 ezahlukileyo ezinamacandelo emigca emininzi kunye nemingxunya emininzi kuthungelwano ngalunye, umbono obaluleke ngakumbi xa ujonga i-Order Change Change (ECO) .

I-oda yoTshintsho lobuNjineli (i-ECO)

Kumzekelo olandelayo, ukuphuma kwepini ye-FPGA akuphelelanga. Iinjineli zoyilo zixelele abayili be-PCB ngale nto, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zeshedyuli, kufuneka bahambisele phambili uyilo kangangoko ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe ukuphuma kwepini ye-FPGA.

Kwimeko yokuphuma kwepini eyaziwayo, umyili we-PCB uqala ukucwangcisa indawo ye-FPGA, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, umyili kufuneka aqwalasele ukukhokelela kwezinye izixhobo ukuya kwi-FPGA. IO yayicwangciselwe ukuba ibe kwicala lasekunene le-FPGA, kodwa ngoku ikwicala lasekhohlo le-FPGA, ebangela ukuba ukuphuma kwepini kwahluke ngokupheleleyo kwisicwangciso sokuqala. Kuba abaqulunqi basebenza kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokutsala, banokulwamkela olu tshintsho ngokususa ngaphezulu kokuhambisa yonke i-wiring ejikeleze i-FPGA kwaye endaweni yayo kuguqulwe iindlela zetopology.

Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyiyo kuphela ii-FPGas ezichaphazelekayo; Iziphumo ezitsha zepini zikwachaphazela isikhokelo esiphuma kwizixhobo ezinxulumene noko. Ukuphela kwendlela nako kuhamba ukuze kulungiselelwe indlela yokungena ekhokelela kwiflethi; Ngaphandle koko, iintambo ezijijekileyo ziya kugqwethwa, kuchitha indawo exabisekileyo kwi-PCB exineneyo. Ukujija ezi bits kufuna indawo eyongezelelweyo yokufakelwa kweentambo kunye nokwenza izinto, ezinokuthi zingafikelelwa ekupheleni kwenqanaba loyilo. Ukuba ishedyuli ibinzima, ngekhe kwenzeke ukwenza olo hlengahlengiso kuzo zonke ezi ndlela. Inqaku lelokuba ukucwangciswa kwethopholoji kubonelela ngenqanaba eliphezulu lokukhutshwa, ke ukuphumeza ezi-ECOs kulula kakhulu.

I-algorithm yokuhamba ngokuzenzekelayo elandelayo elandela injongo yomyili iseta eyona nto iphambili kumgangatho ophambili. Ukuba kuchongwa ingxaki esemgangathweni, kulungile ukuvumela uqhagamshelo lusilele kunokuvelisa intambo esemgangathweni, ngenxa yezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, kulula ukudibanisa uqhagamshelo olungaphumelelanga kunokucoca le ngcingo kunye neziphumo ezibi kunye neminye imisebenzi ye-wiring ezisebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Okwesibini, injongo yoyilo iyenziwa kwaye umyili ushiye ukumisela umgangatho wonxibelelwano. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zimvo ziluncedo kuphela ukuba unxibelelwano lwee-wiring ezingaphumelelanga zilula kwaye zilungiselelwe eyasekhaya.

Umzekelo olungileyo kukungakwazi kwekhebula ukufikelela kwi-100% yonxibelelwano olucwangcisiweyo. Endaweni yokuncama umgangatho, vumela ucwangciso oluthile ukuba lusilele, ushiye iingcingo ezingadibenanga ngasemva. Zonke iingcingo zihanjiswa ngokucwangciswa kwetopiki, kodwa ayizizo zonke ezikhokelela kwizikhonkwane zecandelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba kukho igumbi lonxibelelwano olungaphumelelanga kwaye kubonelela ngonxibelelwano olulula.

Esi sishwankathelo senqaku

Ukucwangciswa kwethopholoji sisixhobo esisebenza kunye nenkqubo yoyilo yedijithali enesiginali kwaye ifikeleleka ngokulula kwiinjineli zoyilo, kodwa ikwanendawo ethile, umaleko, kunye nokunxibelelana kokuhamba konxibelelwano lokuqwalaselwa okunzima kokucwangciswa. Abaqulunqi be-PCB banokusebenzisa isixhobo sokwenza itopoloji ekuqaleni koyilo okanye emva kokuba injineli yoyilo ifumene i-IP yayo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani osebenzisa esi sixhobo siguquguqukayo ukulungela imeko-bume yoyilo.

Iintambo zetableology zilandela nje isicwangciso somyili okanye injongo yokubonelela ngeziphumo ezikumgangatho ophezulu wekhabhathi. Ukucwangciswa kwethopoloji, xa ujongene ne-ECO, kuyakhawuleza ukusebenza kunonxibelelwano olwahlukileyo, oko ke kwenza ukuba ikheyibhile yetopology ikwazi ukuyamkela i-ECO ngokukhawuleza, inike iziphumo ezikhawulezayo nezichanekileyo.