Isingeniso se-1

Ephrintiwe wesifunda ibhodi (PCB) ubuqotho besignali kube yisihloko esishisayo eminyakeni yakamuva. Kube nemibiko eminingi yocwaningo lwasekhaya mayelana nokuhlaziywa kwezinto ezithinta ubuqotho besignali ye-PCB, kodwa ukuhlolwa kokulahlekelwa kwesignali Ukwethulwa kwesimo samanje sobuchwepheshe akuvamile.

Umthombo wokulahlekelwa kwesignali yomugqa wokudlulisela we-PCB ukulahleka kwe-conductor kanye nokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric kwento, futhi kuphinde kuthintwe izinto ezifana nokumelana ne-copper foil, ukuhwaqeka kwe-copper foil, ukulahlekelwa kwemisebe, ukungahambisani kahle kwe-impedance, kanye ne-crosstalk. Ku-supply chain, izinkomba zokwamukela abakhiqizi be-copper clad laminate (CCL) kanye nabakhiqizi be-PCB express basebenzisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric kanye nokulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric; kuyilapho izinkomba phakathi kwabakhiqizi be-PCB namatheminali ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-impedance kanye nokulahlekelwa kokufaka, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

Ekwakheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-PCB enesivinini esikhulu, indlela yokulinganisa ngokushesha nangempumelelo ukulahleka kwesiginali yemigqa yokudlulisa ye-PCB ibaluleke kakhulu ekusethweni kwemingcele yedizayini ye-PCB, ukulungisa iphutha lokulingisa, nokulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza.

2. Isimo samanje sobuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukulahleka kokufakwa kwe-PCB

Izindlela zokuhlola ukulahlekelwa kwesignali ye-PCB okwamanje ezisetshenziswa embonini zihlukaniswa kusukela kumathuluzi asetshenziswayo, futhi zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: ngokusekelwe esizindeni sesikhathi noma ngokusekelwe kusizinda semvamisa. Ithuluzi lokuhlola isizinda sesikhathi yi-Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) noma imitha yokudlulisela yesizinda sesikhathi (i-TImeDomain Transmission, TDT); ithuluzi lokuhlola isizinda semvamisa iVector Network Analyzer (VNA). Esicacisweni sokuhlola se-IPC-TM650, kunconywa izindlela ezinhlanu zokuhlola ukulahlekelwa kwesignali ye-PCB: indlela yesizinda semvamisa, indlela esebenzayo yomkhawulokudonsa, indlela ye-root pulse energy, indlela yokusabalalisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo emfushane, indlela yokulahlekelwa kokuhlukanisa kwe-TDR engapheli.

2.1 Indlela yesizinda sefrikhwensi

I-Frequency Domain Method isebenzisa ngokuyinhloko i-vector network analyzer ukuze ikale amapharamitha e-S olayini wokudlulisela, ifunda ngokuqondile inani lokulahlekelwa lokufaka, bese isebenzisa ukuthambekela okufanelekile kokulahlekelwa okumaphakathi kokufakwa ebangeni elithile lefrikhwensi (efana no-1 GHz ~ 5 GHz) Kala ukudlula/ukwehluleka kwebhodi.

Umehluko ekunembeni kwesilinganiso sendlela yesizinda sefrikhwensi uvela kakhulu endleleni yokulinganisa. Ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-SLOT (Ulayini Omfishane-Open-Thru), i-MulTI-Line TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) kanye ne-Ecal (Electronic calibraTIon) izindlela zokulinganisa zikagesi.

I-SLOT ngokuvamile ithathwa njengendlela evamile yokulinganisa [5]. Imodeli yokulinganisa inamapharamitha angamaphutha ayi-12. Ukunemba kokulinganisa kwendlela ye-SLOT kunqunywa izingxenye zokulinganisa. Izingxenye zokulinganisa ezinembayo eziphezulu zinikezwa abakhiqizi bemishini yokulinganisa, kodwa izingxenye zokulinganisa ziyabiza , Futhi ngokuvamile zifanelekela imvelo ye-coaxial kuphela, ukulinganisa kudla isikhathi futhi kuyanda ngokwejometri njengoba inani lamatheminali okulinganisa likhula.

Indlela ye-MulTI-Line TRL isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulinganiseni ukulinganisa okungeyona i-coaxial [6]. Ngokwempahla yolayini wokudlulisela osetshenziswa umsebenzisi kanye nemvamisa yokuhlola, izingxenye zokulinganisa ze-TRL ziklanywa futhi zakhiqizwa, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2. Nakuba i-Multi-Line TRL kulula ukuyiklama nokwenza kune-SLOT, isikhathi sokulinganisa Indlela ye-TRL ye-Multi-Line nayo ikhuphuka ngokwejometri ngokukhula kwenani lamatheminali okulinganisa.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokulinganisa okudla isikhathi, abakhiqizi bemishini yokulinganisa bethule indlela yokulinganisa i-Ecal electronic [7]. I-Ecal iyindinganiso yokudlulisela. Ukunemba kokulinganisa kunqunywa ikakhulukazi izingxenye zokuqala zokulinganisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuzinza kwekhebuli yokuhlola kanye nokuphindwaphindwa kwedivayisi yesimo sokuhlola kuyahlolwa. I-algorithm yokuhumusha yokusebenza kanye nemvamisa yokuhlola nayo inomthelela ekunembeni kokuhlolwa. Ngokuvamile, sebenzisa ikhithi yokulinganisa ye-elekthronikhi ukuze ulinganise indawo yereferensi ekupheleni kwekhebula yokuhlola, bese usebenzisa indlela yokususa ukushumeka ukuze unxephezele ubude bekhebula bendawo. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

Ukuthola ukulahlekelwa kokufaka kolayini wokudlulisa umehluko njengesibonelo, ukuqhathaniswa kwezindlela ezintathu zokulinganisa kuboniswe kuThebula 1.

2.2 Indlela yomkhawulokudonsa esebenzayo

I-Bandwidth Esebenzayo (EBW) iyisilinganiso sekhwalithi sokulahleka komugqa wokudlulisela u-α ngomqondo oqinile. Ayikwazi ukunikeza inani lenani lokulahlekelwa kokufaka, kodwa inikeza ipharamitha ebizwa ngokuthi i-EBW. Indlela esebenzayo yomkhawulokudonsa iwukudlulisa isignali yesinyathelo enesikhathi esithile sokukhuphuka entanjeni yokudlulisela nge-TDR, ukulinganisa ukuthambekela okuphezulu kwesikhathi sokukhuphuka ngemva kokuba ithuluzi le-TDR ne-DUT kuxhunyiwe, futhi linqume njengento yokulahlekelwa, ku-MV. /s. Ngokunemba kakhudlwana, Lokho elikunqumayo ingqikithi yokulahlekelwa ehlobene, engasetshenziswa ukukhomba izinguquko ekulahlekeni komugqa wokudlulisela ukusuka phezulu kuya phezulu noma ungqimba uye kungqimba [8]. Njengoba umthamo omkhulu ungakalwa ngokuqondile ethuluzini, indlela yomkhawulokudonsa ephumelelayo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza okukhulu kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe. Umdwebo wohlelo lokuhlolwa kwe-EBW ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 4.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

2.3 Indlela ye-Root pulse energy

I-Root ImPulse Energy (RIE) ivamise ukusebenzisa ithuluzi le-TDR ukuthola amagagasi e-TDR olayini wokulahlekelwa okuyireferensi kanye nolayini wokuhlola wokudlulisa, bese yenza ukucubungula isignali kumagagasi we-TDR. Inqubo yokuhlola ye-RIE iboniswa kuMfanekiso 5:

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

2.4 Indlela yokusabalalisa ishayela elifushane

Indlela yokusabalalisa ishayela emfushane (Isimiso Sokuhlola Sokushayelwa Kwegazi Elifushane, okubizwa ngokuthi i-SPP) ukukala imigqa emibili yokudlulisela enobude obuhlukene, obufana no-30 mm kanye no-100 mm, futhi kukhishwe ipharamitha yokunciphisa i-coefficient nesigaba ngokulinganisa umehluko phakathi kokubili. ubude bomugqa wokudlulisela. Ngokuqhubekayo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela kunganciphisa umthelela wezixhumi, izintambo, ama-probe, nokunemba kwe-oscilloscope. Uma amathuluzi e-TDR asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye ne-IFN (Impulse Forming Network) kusetshenziswa, imvamisa yokuhlola ingaba phezulu njengo-40 GHz.

2.5 Indlela yokulahlekelwa kokuhlukanisa kwe-TDR enesiphetho esisodwa

I-TDR Ene-Ended Single to Differential Insertion Loss (SET2DIL) ihlukile ekuhlolweni kokulahlekelwa kokufakwa okuhlukile kusetshenziswa i-4-port VNA. Le ndlela isebenzisa ithuluzi le-TDR elinezimbobo ezimbili ukudlulisa impendulo yesinyathelo se-TDR emugqeni wokudlulisa ohlukile , Ukuphela komugqa wokudlulisa umehluko kufushane, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Ububanzi obujwayelekile bokulinganisa bendlela ye-SET2DIL ngu-2 GHz ~ 12 GHz, nokunemba kwesilinganiso kuthintwa ngokuyinhloko ukubambezeleka okuguquguqukayo kwekhebuli yokuhlola kanye nokungafani kokuphazamiseka kwe-DUT. Inzuzo yendlela ye-SET2DIL ukuthi asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa i-VNA ebiza kakhulu engu-4-port kanye nezingxenye zayo zokulinganisa. Ubude bomugqa wokudlulisela wengxenye ehloliwe buyisigamu kuphela sendlela ye-VNA. Ingxenye yokulinganisa inesakhiwo esilula futhi isikhathi sokulinganisa sincishiswe kakhulu. Ilungele kakhulu ukwenziwa kwe-PCB. Ukuhlolwa kwenqwaba, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 8.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

3 Imishini yokuhlola nemiphumela yokuhlolwa

Ibhodi lokuhlola le-SET2DIL, ibhodi lokuhlola le-SPP kanye nebhodi lokuhlola le-Multi-Line TRL yenziwe kusetshenziswa i-CCL ene-dielectric constant engu-3.8, ukulahlekelwa kwe-dielectric engu-0.008, ne-RTF ye-copper foil; okokusebenza kokuhlola kwakuyi-DSA8300 yesampula ye-oscilloscope kanye ne-E5071C vector network analyzer; ukulahlekelwa kokufakwa okuhlukile kwendlela ngayinye Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ikhonjiswe kuThebula lesi-2.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezici Ezithonyayo Zobuqotho Besiginali ye-PCB Yebhodi Lesifunda Eliphrintiwe

Isiphetho se-4

Lesi sihloko sethula ngokuyinhloko izindlela ezimbalwa zokulinganisa ukulahleka kwesiginali ye-PCB esetshenziswa embonini. Ngenxa yezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola ezisetshenzisiwe, amanani okulahlekelwa okufakwayo alinganisiwe ahlukile, futhi imiphumela yokuhlola ayikwazi ukuqhathaniswa ngokuqondile nendawo evundlile. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukulahlekelwa kwesignali efanele kufanele bukhethwe ngokuvumelana nezinzuzo kanye nemikhawulo yezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, futhi kuhlanganiswe nezidingo zabo siqu.