Leli phepha ligxile kwi PCB abaklami abasebenzisa i-IP, futhi ngokuqhubekayo besebenzisa amatopology ukuhlela namathuluzi wendlela ukuxhasa i-IP, basheshe baqedele yonke idizayini ye-PCB. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona kuMfanekiso 1, umthwalo wonjiniyela wokuklama ukuthola i-IP ngokubeka inani elincane lezinto ezidingekayo nokuhlela izindlela ezibucayi zokuxhumana phakathi kwazo. Lapho i-IP isitholakele, imininingwane ye-IP inganikezwa abaqambi be-PCB abenza konke ukuklanywa.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 1: Onjiniyela bokudizayina bathola i-IP, abaklami be-PCB baqhubeka nokusebenzisa ukuhlela topology namathuluzi wiring ukusekela i-IP, ngokushesha kuqedela yonke idizayini ye-PCB.

Esikhundleni sokudlula kwinqubo yokuxhumana kanye nokuphindaphinda phakathi konjiniyela bokuklama nabaqambi be-PCB ukuthola inhloso efanelekile yokuklama, onjiniyela bokudizayina sebevele beluthola lolu lwazi futhi imiphumela inembile, esiza abaklami be-PCB kakhulu. Emiklamweni eminingi, onjiniyela bokuqamba kanye nabakhi be-PCB benza ukwakheka kokusebenzisana nezintambo, okudla isikhathi esibalulekile ezinhlangothini zombili. Ngokomlando, ukuxhumana kuyadingeka, kepha kudla isikhathi futhi kungasebenzi kahle. Uhlelo lokuqala olunikezwe ngonjiniyela wokuklama lungaba umdwebo owenziwa ngesandla ngaphandle kwezakhi ezifanele, ububanzi bebhasi, noma izinkomba zokukhipha iphini.

Ngenkathi onjiniyela abasebenzisa amasu wokuhlela topology bengabamba ukwakheka nokuxhuma kwezinye izinto njengoba abaklami be-PCB bengenela ekwakhiweni, ukwakheka kungadinga ukwakheka kwezinye izinto, kuthathwe ezinye izakhiwo ze-IO nezebhasi, nakho konke ukuxhumana.

Abaqambi be-PCB badinga ukwamukela ukuhlela topology futhi bahlanganyele nezinto ezibekiwe nezingabekiwe ukufeza ukwakheka okuhle nokuhlelwa kokusebenzisana, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle komklamo we-PCB.

Ngemuva kokuthi kubekwe izindawo ezibucayi neziminyene kakhulu futhi kutholakale ukuhlelwa kwethopholoji, ukwakheka kungaphothulwa ngaphambi kokuhlelwa kokugcina kwetopoloji. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izindlela ze-topology kungadingeka ukuthi zisebenze ngesakhiwo esivele sikhona. Yize zibaluleke kakhulu, zisadinga ukuxhunyaniswa. Ngakho-ke ingxenye yokuhlela yenziwa maqondana nokuhlelwa kwezinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli zinga lokuhlela lingadinga imininingwane ethe xaxa ukunikeza okusemqoka okudingekayo kwamanye amasignali.

Ukuhlelwa kwemininingwane yokwakheka okuningiliziwe

Umdwebo 2 ukhombisa ukwakheka okuningiliziwe kwezakhi ngemuva kokuthi zibekiwe. Ibhasi linamabhithi ayi-17 esewonke, futhi anokuhamba kahle kwesiginali okuhleleke kahle.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 2: Izintambo zenethiwekhi zala mabhasi ziwumphumela wokuhlelwa nokwakheka kwethopholoji okubekwe phambili kakhulu.

Ukuze uhlele leli bhasi, abaklami be-PCB kudingeka bacabangele izithiyo ezikhona, imithetho yokwakheka kwezingqimba, nezinye izingqinamba ezibalulekile. Ngalezi zimo engqondweni, baveza imephu yendlela yebhasi njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 3.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 3: Ibhasi elihleliwe.

Kumdwebo 3, imininingwane “1” ibeka izikhonkwane zezingxenye ezingqimbeni eziphezulu “ezibomvu” zendlela yezobuciko ehola kusukela kuzikhonkwane zezinto kuya emininingwaneni ethi “2”. Indawo engafakwanga amaphepha esetshenziselwe le ngxenye, futhi ungqimba wokuqala kuphela okhonjwa njengongqimba lweklabishi. Lokhu kubonakala kusobala ngokubuka komklamo, futhi i-algorithm yomgudu izosebenzisa indlela yokwakheka kwezingqimba ngendwangu ephezulu exhunywe kokubomvu. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izithiyo zinganikeza i-algorithm nezinye izinketho zomugqa wesendlalelo ngaphambi kokuzenzakalela ngaleli bhasi elithile.

Njengoba ibhasi lihlelwe ngemikhondo eqinile kusendlalelo sokuqala, umklami uqala ukuhlela ukudlulela kusendlalelo sesithathu ngokuningiliziwe 3, ecabangela ibanga elihamba ibhasi kuyo yonke i-PCB. Qaphela ukuthi lendlela yokwakheka komhlaba kusendlalelo sesithathu ibanzi kunesendlalelo esiphezulu ngenxa yesikhala esingeziwe esidingekayo ukwamukela i-impedance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo ucacisa indawo ngqo (izimbobo eziyi-17) zokuguqulwa kwesendlalelo.

Njengoba indlela yokwakheka komhlaba ilandela ingxenye yesikhungo sokudla yoMdwebo 3 kuya emininingwaneni engu- “4”, izinhlanganisela eziningi ezimise okwe-T eyodwa zidinga ukudonswa ekuxhumaneni kwendlela yokwakheka komhlaba nezikhonkwane zezinto ezingazodwana. Ukukhetha komklami we-PCB ukugcina ukugeleza kokuxhumeka kusendlalelo 3 kuye kwezinye izendlalelo zokuxhuma izikhonkwane zezinto. Ngakho-ke badwebe indawo yethopholoji ukukhombisa ukuxhumeka kusuka kunqwaba enkulu kuya kusendlalelo 4 (pink), futhi babe nalaba oxhumana nabo abenziwe ngo-T oyedwa baxhumeka kusendlalelo 2 bese bexhuma kuzikhonkwane zedivayisi besebenzisa ezinye izimbobo ezihamba phambili.

Izindlela ze-topological ziyaqhubeka kuleveli 3 ngemininingwane “5” ukuxhuma amadivayisi asebenzayo. Lokhu kuxhuma bese kuxhunywe kusuka kuzikhonkwane ezisebenzayo kuya kusiphikisi sokudonsela phansi ngaphansi kwensiza esebenzayo. Umklami usebenzisa enye indawo ye-topology ukulawula ukuxhumana kusuka kusendlalelo 3 kuye kusendlalelo 1, lapho izikhonkwane zezinto zihlukaniswe ngamadivayisi asebenzayo kanye nama-resistor okudonsela phansi.

Leli zinga lokuhlela okunemininingwane lithathe cishe imizuzwana engama-30 ukuphothulwa. Lapho lolu hlelo seluthathiwe, umklami we-PCB angafuna ukuhambisa ngokushesha noma akhe amanye amapulani we-topology, bese eqedela zonke izinhlelo ze-topology ngomzila ozenzakalelayo. Ngaphansi kwemizuzwana eyi-10 ukusuka ekuphothulweni kokuhlelwa kuya kumiphumela ye-wiring ezenzakalelayo. Ijubane alinandaba, futhi empeleni kungukuchitha isikhathi uma izinhloso zomklami zinganakwa futhi ikhwalithi yezintambo ezenzakalelayo ayibi. Imidwebo elandelayo ikhombisa imiphumela yezintambo ezizenzakalelayo.

I-Topology Routing

Ukuqala phezulu kwesobunxele, zonke izintambo ezivela kuzikhonkwane zezinto zitholakala kusendlalelo 1, njengoba kuvezwe ngumqambi, futhi zicindezelwe zakhiwa ngesakhiwo esiqinile sebhasi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Imininingwane “1” kanye no “2” kuMdwebo 4. Inguquko phakathi kwezinga 1 neleveli 3 yenzeka ngokuningiliziwe “3” futhi ithatha isimo somgodi odla isikhala kakhulu. Futhi, i-impedance factor iyabhekelwa, ngakho-ke imigqa ibanzi futhi ihlukaniswe kakhulu, njengoba imelwe yindlela yangempela yobubanzi.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 4: Imiphumela yokuhamba ngomgwaqo nge-topologies 1 no-3.

Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokuningiliziwe u- “4” kuMdwebo 5, indlela yetopoloji iba nkulu ngenxa yesidingo sokusebenzisa izimbobo ukuhlalisa izinhlanganisela zohlobo olulodwa lwe-T. Lapha uhlelo luphinde lubonise inhloso yomklami ngala maphuzu wokushintshana wohlobo olulodwa lwe-T, wiring kusuka kusendlalelo 3 kuye kusendlalelo 4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhondo wesendlalelo sesithathu uqinile kakhulu, yize unweba kancane emgodini wokufaka, usheshe ubuye uqine ngemuva kokudlula imbobo.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 5: Umphumela womzila onemininingwane engu-4 topology.

Umdwebo 6 ukhombisa umphumela we-wiring othomathikhi ngokuningiliziwe “5”. Ukuxhuma kwedivayisi okusebenzayo kusendlalelo 3 kudinga ukuguqulwa kusendlalelo 1. Izimbobo ezifakwa ngaphakathi zihlelwe ngobunono ngaphezu kwezikhonkwane zezinto, futhi intambo engu-1 yocingo ixhunywe entweni esebenzayo kuqala bese kusiphikisi sokudonsela phansi esingu-1.

Abakhi be-PCB bangakusebenzisa kanjani ukuhlela amatopology namathuluzi wiring ukuqeda ngokushesha ukwakheka kwe-PCB

Umdwebo 6: Umphumela womzila onemininingwane engu-5 topology.

Isiphetho sesibonelo esingenhla ukuthi ama-bits angama-17 anemininingwane yezinhlobo ezine zamadivayisi, ezimele inhloso yomklami yokuqondisa nokuqondisa indlela, okungabanjwa cishe kumasekhondi angama-30. Ngemuva kwalokho intambo ephezulu ezenzakalelayo ingenziwa, isikhathi esidingekayo cishe amasekhondi ayi-10.

Ngokukhuphula izinga lokususa ezintanjeni kuye ekuhleleni i-topology, isikhathi sokuxhuma esiphelele sinciphile kakhulu, futhi abaklami banokuqonda okucacile kobuningi namandla okuqedela ukwakheka ngaphambi kokuba ukuxhumana kuqale, njengokuthi kungani kugcinwa izintambo kuleli phuzu ku umklamo? Kungani ungaqhubeki nokuhlela bese ungeza izintambo ngemuva? Izohlelwa nini i-topology ephelele? Uma lesi sibonelo esingenhla sicatshangelwa, ukukhishwa kohlelo olulodwa kungasetshenziswa nelinye icebo kunokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi ahlukene ayi-17 anezingxenye eziningi zomugqa nezimbobo eziningi kunethiwekhi ngayinye, umqondo obaluleke kakhulu lapho ucubungula i-Engineering Change Order (ECO) .

I-oda Lokushintsha Ubunjiniyela (i-ECO)

Esibonelweni esilandelayo, ukukhishwa kwephini le-FPGA akuphelele. Onjiniyela bokuklama bazise abaklami be-PCB ngaleli qiniso, kepha ngenxa yezizathu zesheduli, badinga ukuqhubekisela phambili ukwakhiwa ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuphuma kwephini le-FPGA.

Endabeni yokukhishwa kwephini okwaziwayo, umklami we-PCB uqala ukuhlela isikhala se-FPGA, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, umklami kufanele acabangele ukuhola kusuka kwamanye amadivayisi kuye ku-FPGA. I-IO yayihlelelwe ukuthi ibe ngasohlangothini lwesokudla se-FPGA, kepha manje isesohlangothini lwesobunxele lwe-FPGA, okwenza ukuthi ukukhishwa kwephini kuhluke ngokuphelele kuhlelo lokuqala. Ngoba abaklami basebenza ezingeni eliphakeme lokukhipha, bangakwazi ukwamukela lezi zinguquko ngokususa isihloko sokuhambisa yonke i-wiring ezungeze i-FPGA bese beyifaka esikhundleni sokulungiswa kwendlela ye-topology.

Noma kunjalo, akuwona ama-FPGas kuphela athintekayo; Lokhu kukhishwa okusha kwephini nakho kuthinta ukuhola okuphuma kumadivayisi ahlobene. Ukuphela kwendlela nakho kuhamba ukuze kuhlaliswe indlela yokungena yomugqa wokungena oyisicaba; Ngaphandle kwalokho, izintambo zombili ezisontekile zizosontwa, kudlalwe isikhala esibalulekile kwi-PCB ephakeme kakhulu. Ukusonteka kwalezi zingcezu kudinga isikhala esingeziwe sokuhlanganisa izintambo nezimbobo, okungenzeka kungahlangatshezwana nazo ekugcineni kwesigaba sokuklama. Ukube uhlelo beluminyene, bekungeke kwenzeke ukwenza ushintsho olunjalo kuyo yonke le mizila. Iqiniso ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwe-topology kunikela ngezinga eliphakeme lokukhishwa, ngakho-ke ukusebenzisa la ma-ECO kulula kakhulu.

I-algorithm yokuhamba ngomkhondo ezenzakalelayo elandela inhloso yomklami ibeka ukubekwa phambili kwekhwalithi ngaphezu kokubekwa phambili kobuningi. Uma kutholakala inkinga yekhwalithi, kulungile ukuvumela ukuxhumeka kuhluleke kunokukhiqiza i-wiring esezingeni eliphansi, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili. Okokuqala, kulula ukuxhuma uxhumano oluhlulekile kunokuhlanza le wiring ngemiphumela emibi neminye imisebenzi yezintambo ezenza izintambo zisebenze. Okwesibili, inhloso yomklami iyenziwa futhi umklami ushiywe ukunquma ikhwalithi yokuxhuma. Kodwa-ke, le mibono ilusizo kuphela uma ukuxhumeka kwentambo ehlulekile kulula futhi kwenziwa kwasendaweni.

Isibonelo esihle ukwehluleka kwekhebula ukufeza ukuxhumana okuhleliwe okungu-100%. Esikhundleni sokudela ikhwalithi, vumela ukuhlela okuthile kuhluleke, kushiye ezinye izintambo ezingaxhunyiwe ngemuva. Zonke izintambo zihanjiswa ngokuhlelwa kwe-topology, kepha hhayi zonke eziholela kuzikhonkwane zezinto. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kunesikhala soxhumano oluhlulekile futhi kunikeza ukuxhumana okulula.

Lesi sifinyezo sendatshana

Ukuhlela i-Topology kuyithuluzi elisebenza ngenqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-PCB ekhonjisiwe yedijithali futhi ifinyeleleka kalula konjiniyela bokuklama, kepha futhi inamakhono athile endawo, ungqimba, kanye nokugeleza kokuxhumeka kokucatshangelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlela. Abaklami be-PCB bangasebenzisa ithuluzi lokuhlela i-topology ekuqaleni komklamo noma ngemuva kokuthi unjiniyela wokuklama athole i-IP yabo, kuya ngokuthi ngubani osebenzisa leli thuluzi eliguquguqukayo ukulingana kahle nendawo yabo yokuklama.

Izintambo ze-topology zimane zilandela uhlelo lomklami noma inhloso yokunikeza imiphumela yekhwalithi ephezulu. Ukuhlelwa kwethopology, lapho ubhekene ne-ECO, kusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu kunokuxhumana okuhlukile, ngaleyo ndlela kunika amandla ikhebula le-topology ukwamukela i-ECO ngokushesha okukhulu, inikeze imiphumela esheshayo nenembile.