I-PCB ( ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe i-wiring idlala indima enkulu kumasekethe anejubane elikhulu. Leli phepha likhuluma kakhulu ngenkinga yezintambo zamasekethe anejubane ngokubuka okusebenzayo. Inhloso enkulu ukusiza abasebenzisi abasha ukuthi bazi ngezinkinga eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezidinga ukucatshangelwa lapho kuklanywa izintambo ze-PCB zamasekethe anejubane elikhulu. Enye inhloso ukuhlinzeka ngezinto zokuvuselela amakhasimende angakavezwa wiring ye-PCB isikhathi esithile. Ngenxa yesikhala esilinganiselwe, akunakwenzeka ukumboza zonke izindaba ngokuningiliziwe kule ndatshana, kepha sizoxoxa ngezingxenye ezisemqoka ezinomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwesekethe, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuklama, nokonga isikhathi sokuguqulwa.

Ungayakha kanjani i-PCB ngokombono osebenzayo

Yize ukugxila lapha kusezikhungweni ezihlobene nezikhulisi ezisebenza ngesivinini esikhulu, izinkinga nezindlela okuxoxwa ngazo lapha kuvame ukusebenza ezintanjeni zamanye amasekethe we-analog ashesha kakhulu. Lapho ama-amplifiers asebenzayo esebenza ngamabhendi aphezulu kakhulu omsakazo (RF), ukusebenza kwesekethe kuncike kakhulu ezintanjeni ze-PCB. Okubukeka njengomklamo omuhle wesekethe osebenza kahle “ebhodini lokudweba” kungagcina ngokusebenza okungatheni uma kunenkinga yezintambo eziwubudlabha. Ukucatshangelwa ngaphambili nokunaka imininingwane ebalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yezintambo kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesekethe okufunwayo.

Umdwebo wesikimu

Yize izikimu ezinhle zingaqinisekisi ukuxhunywa okuhle, i-wiring enhle iqala ngesikimu esihle. Umdwebo wesikimu kufanele udwetshwe ngokucophelela futhi isiqondiso sesiginali sesifunda sonke kufanele sicatshangwe. Uma unokugeleza okujwayelekile, okungaguquguquki kwesiginali ukusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla kuhlelo, kufanele ube nokugeleza okuhle kwesiginali ku-PCB. Nikeza imininingwane ewusizo ngangokunokwenzeka kuhlelo. Ngoba kwesinye isikhathi unjiniyela wedizayini akatholakali, ikhasimende lizosicela ukuthi sisize ukuxazulula inkinga yesekethe. Abaqambi, ochwepheshe kanye nonjiniyela abenza lo msebenzi bazojabula kakhulu, kubandakanya nathi.

Ngaphandle kwezikhombi ezijwayelekile zokubhekisela, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokubekezelela amaphutha, iluphi olunye ulwazi okufanele lunikezwe ngesikimu? Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso zokuguqula uhlelo olujwayelekile lube luhlelo lwesigaba sokuqala. Ngeza ifomathi yamaza, imininingwane yemishini mayelana negobolondo, ubude bomugqa ophrintiwe, indawo engenalutho; Khombisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezidinga ukubekwa kwi-PCB; Nikeza imininingwane yokulungisa, ibanga lenani lezinto, imininingwane yokushiswa kokushisa, lawula i-impedance ephrintiwe, amanothi, incazelo emfushane yesenzo sesifunda… (phakathi kwabanye).

Ungathembi muntu

Uma ungaklami i-wiring yakho, qiniseka ukuthi uvumela isikhathi esiningi ukuphinda uhlole ukwakheka kwekhebula. Ukuvimbela okuncane kufanele ikhambi izikhathi eziyikhulu lapha. Ungalindeli ukuthi umuntu ofonayo aqonde lokho okucabangayo. Okokufaka kwakho nokuholwa kwakho kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwezintambo. Imininingwane engaphezulu ongayinikeza futhi uma ubandakanyeka ngokwengeziwe kunqubo yezintambo, i-PCB izoba ngcono njengomphumela. Setha iphuzu lokuqedela okwenzelwe unjiniyela wokwakha iklabishi – isheke esisheshayo lombiko wenqubekela phambili oyifunayo. Le ndlela “evaliwe ye-loop” ivimbela ukuxhuma izintambo ekuphambukeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise amathuba okuthi kusebenze kabusha.

Imiyalo konjiniyela bezintambo ifaka phakathi: incazelo emfushane yemisebenzi yesekethe, imidwebo ye-PCB ekhombisa okufakwayo nokukhipha izikhundla, imininingwane ye-PCB ebeka imininingwane (isb. Ukuthi ibhodi likhulu kangakanani, ziningi kangakanani izingqimba, imininingwane yesendlalelo ngasinye sesiginali kanye nendiza yokuqinisa – ukusetshenziswa kwamandla , amasiginali womhlaba, we-analog, wedijithali ne-RF); Izendlalelo zidinga lezo zimpawu; Dinga ukubekwa kwezinto ezibalulekile; Indawo ngqo yento yokudlula; Imiphi imigqa ephrintiwe ebalulekile; Imiphi imigqa edinga ukulawula impedance imigqa ephrintiwe; Yimiphi imigqa edinga ukufana nobude; Ubukhulu bezingxenye; Imiphi imigqa ephrintiwe edinga ukuba kude (noma eduze) komunye nomunye; Yimiphi imigqa edinga ukuba kude (noma eduze) komunye nomunye; Yiziphi izingxenye ezidinga ukutholakala kude (noma eduze) komunye nomunye; Yiziphi izingxenye okufanele zibekwe phezulu futhi ezansi kwe-PCB? Ungalokothi ukhononde ngokunikeza umuntu imininingwane eminingi kakhulu – okuncane kakhulu? Ingabe; Kakhulu? Lutho neze.

Isifundo esisodwa sokufunda: Cishe eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, ngakha ibhodi lesifunda elinezingqimba eziningi – ibhodi lalinezinto kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Amapuleti aboshelwe kugobolondo le-aluminium eligxishwe ngegolide (ngenxa yokucaciswa okuqinile kwe-shockproof). Izikhonkwane ezihlinzeka ngokudla kokukhetha kudlula ebhodini. Iphini ixhunywe ku-PCB ngocingo lokushisela. Kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ezinye zezinto ezisebhodini zisetshenziselwa ukusethwa kokuhlolwa (i-SAT). Kepha ngichaze ngqo ukuthi lezi zingxenye zikuphi. Ungaqagela ukuthi lezi zinto zifakwe kuphi? Ngaphansi kwebhodi, ngasendleleni. Onjiniyela bemikhiqizo nochwepheshe abajabuli lapho kufanele bayihlukanise yonke into bayibuyisele ndawonye ngemuva kokuqeda ukuyisetha. Angizange ngenze lelo phutha kusukela lapho.

indawo

Njengakwi-PCB, indawo iyikho konke. Lapho kubekwa khona isifunda ku-PCB, lapho kufakwa khona izingxenye ezithile zesekethe, nokuthi imaphi amanye amasekethe aseduze kwayo konke kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile, okokufaka, okokukhipha kanye namandla okuhlinzekwa kwamandla kunqunywa kusengaphambili, kepha izifunda eziphakathi kwazo zidinga ukuba “nobuciko”. Kungakho ukunaka imininingwane yezintambo kungakhokha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Qala ngendawo yezakhi ezisemqoka, cabanga ngesifunda nayo yonke i-PCB. Ukucacisa indawo yezakhi ezisemqoka kanye nendlela yamasiginali kusukela ekuqaleni kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kusebenza njengokuhlosiwe. Ukuthola ukwakheka kahle okokuqala kunciphisa izindleko nokucindezela – futhi ngaleyo ndlela imijikelezo yentuthuko.

Dlula ukunikezwa kwamandla

Ukudlula ohlangothini lwamandla wesikhulisi ukuze unciphise umsindo kuyisici esibalulekile senqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-PCB – zombili izikhulisi ezisebenza ngesivinini esikhulu namanye amasekethe anejubane elikhulu. Kukhona ukucupha okubili okuvamile kokudlula ama-amplifiers asebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu.

Ukugaya amandla: Le ndlela isebenza kahle ezimweni eziningi, kusetshenziswa ama-capacitor amaningi we-shunt ukubeka phansi ngqo izikhonkwane zamandla we-op amp. Ama-shunt capacitors amabili ngokuvamile anele – kepha ukungeza ama-shunt capacitors kungasiza kwezinye izifunda.

Ama-capacitors ahambisanayo anamanani we-capacitance ahlukile kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izikhonkwane zokuhambisa ugesi zibona kuphela i-impedance ye-AC ephansi ebangeni elibanzi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumvamisa wokuncishiswa kwamandla we-amplifier power (PSR). I-capacitor isiza ukukhokhela i-PSR encishisiwe yesikhulisi. Izindlela ezisendleleni ezigcina i-impedance ephansi kumabanga amaningi we-tenx kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsindo onobungozi awungeni kwisikhulisi sokusebenza. Umdwebo 1 ukhombisa izinzuzo zokusebenzisa iziqukathi eziningi ezihambisanayo zikagesi. Ezimweni eziphansi, ama-capacitors amakhulu ahlinzeka ngokufinyelela okuphansi komhlaba kwe-impedance. Kepha uma amaza efinyelela imvamisa yawo e-resonant, ama-capacitor angabi namandla kangako futhi aqale inkanuko eyengeziwe. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba nama-capacitors amaningi: njengoba impendulo yemvamisa ye-capacitor eyodwa iqala ukwehla, impendulo yemvamisa yenye i-capacitor iqala ukusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela igcine i-AC impedance ephansi kakhulu kuma-octave amaningi ayishumi.

Qala ngqo kusuka kuphini yamandla yesikhulisi sokusebenza; Ama-capacitors ane-capacitance encane kanye nosayizi omncane womzimba kufanele abekwe ohlangothini olufanayo lwe-PCB njenge-amplifier yokusebenza – eduze ne-amplifier ngangokunokwenzeka. Isisekelo sokugcina se-capacitor sizoxhunywa ngqo endizeni yokuqinisa ngophini omfushane noma ngocingo oluphrintiwe. Ukuxhumeka kokugxila okukhulunywe ngenhla kuzoba seduze nokuphela komthwalo wesikhulisi ngangokunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka phakathi kokuphela kwamandla nokwehlisa isisekelo. Umdwebo 2 ukhombisa le ndlela yokuxhuma.

Le nqubo kufanele iphindwe ngama-sublarge capacitors. Kungcono ukuqala nge-capacitance encane ka-0.01 μF bese ubeka i-electrolytic capacitor enokumelana nochungechunge olulinganayo oluphansi (ESR) luka-2.2 μF (noma ngaphezulu) eduze nayo. I-0.01 μF capacitor enosayizi wezindlu ongu-0508 ine-inductance yochungechunge ephansi kakhulu nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwemvamisa.

I-Power-to-power: Okunye ukumisa kusebenzisa i-capacitors eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ye-bypass exhunywe phakathi kokuphela kwamandla okuhle nokubi kwe-amplifier yokusebenza. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa lapho kunzima ukumisa ama-capacitors amane kusekethe. Okubi ukuthi ubukhulu bezindlu ze-capacitor bungakhuphuka ngoba i-voltage yonkana ne-capacitor iphindwe kabili inani lendlela yokudlula yamandla eyodwa. Ukunyusa amandla kagesi kudinga ukukhuphula amandla okwehla kwamandla edivayisi, okusho ukukhulisa usayizi wezindlu. Noma kunjalo, le ndlela ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-PSR nokuphazamiseka.

Ngoba isekethe ngalinye ne-wiring kwehlukile, ukumiswa, inombolo, kanye namandla we-capacitance wama-capacitors kuzoya ngezidingo zesekethe langempela.

Imiphumela ye-parasitic

Imiphumela ye-parasitic ingama-glitches ngokoqobo angena kwi-PCB yakho futhi enze umonakalo, ikhanda, nokuhlukumezeka okungachazeki esifundeni. Yizi-capacitors ezifihlekile zezinambuzane kanye nama-inductors angena kumasekethe anejubane elikhulu. Okubandakanya ukufakelwa okuyisinanakazana okwakhiwa yiphini yephakheji kanye nocingo oluphrintiwe olude kakhulu; Amandla we-parasitic akhiwe phakathi kwephedi kuya phansi, iphedi endizeni yamandla nephedi ukuphrinta umugqa; Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemigodi edabula ngaphakathi, neminye imiphumela eminingi engaba khona.