Mamangidwe ake a PCB yapamwamba kwambiri ndi njira yovuta, ndipo zinthu zambiri zingakhudze mwachindunji momwe ntchito yoyendera maulendo apamwamba kwambiri. Mawonekedwe ozungulira pafupipafupi komanso ma wiring ndizofunikira kwambiri pamapangidwe onse. Malangizo khumi otsatirawa a mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a PCB amalimbikitsidwa makamaka:

1. Multilayer board wiring

Mabwalo othamanga kwambiri amakhala ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu komanso kachulukidwe wama waya. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa matabwa amitundu yambiri sikofunikira kokha pa wiring, komanso njira yabwino yochepetsera kusokoneza. Mu PCB Layout siteji, kusankha wololera wa kusindikizidwa bolodi kukula ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira wosanjikiza wapakatikati kukhazikitsa chishango, bwino kuzindikira maziko apafupi, ndi bwino kuchepetsa parasitic inductance ndi kufupikitsa chizindikiro. kutalika kwa kufalitsa, ndikusungabe chachikulu Njira zonsezi ndizopindulitsa kudalirika kwa maulendo apamwamba, monga kuchepetsa matalikidwe a kusokoneza kwa chizindikiro. Deta ina imasonyeza kuti zinthu zomwezo zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, phokoso la bolodi la magawo anayi ndilotsika ndi 20dB kuposa la bolodi la mbali ziwiri. Komabe, palinso vuto. Kuchuluka kwa PCB theka-zigawo, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga, komanso kukweza mtengo wa unit. Izi zimafuna kuti tisankhe matabwa a PCB okhala ndi nambala yoyenera ya zigawo pochita Mapangidwe a PCB. Kukonzekera koyenera kwa zigawo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito malamulo olondola a waya kuti amalize kupanga.

2. Kuchepa kwa kutsogolo kumapindika pakati pa mapini a zida zamagetsi zothamanga kwambiri, ndibwino

Waya wotsogola wa waya wothamanga kwambiri ndi wabwino kutengera mzere wowongoka wathunthu, womwe umayenera kutembenuzidwa. Ikhoza kutembenuzidwa ndi mzere wosweka wa 45-degree kapena arc yozungulira. Chofunikirachi chimangogwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yokonza zojambulazo zamkuwa m’mabwalo otsika kwambiri, pamene m’mabwalo apamwamba kwambiri, izi zimakwaniritsidwa. Chofunikira chimodzi chingachepetse kutulutsa kwakunja ndi kulumikizana kwa ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri.

3. Kufupikitsa kutsogolo pakati pa zikhomo za chipangizo chozungulira chapamwamba kwambiri, ndibwino

Kuchuluka kwa ma radiation a chizindikirocho kumayenderana ndi kutalika kwa mzere wa chizindikiro. Kutalikirapo kwa chizindikiro chapamwamba kwambiri, kumakhala kosavuta kugwirizanitsa zigawo zomwe zili pafupi ndi izo. Chifukwa chake, pa wotchi yazizindikiro, crystal oscillator, data ya DDR, mizere ya LVDS, mizere ya USB, mizere ya HDMI ndi mizere ina yamawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri iyenera kukhala yayifupi momwe mungathere.

4. Kuchepa kwa gawo lotsogolera kumasinthasintha pakati pa mapini a chipangizo choyendera ma frequency apamwamba, ndibwino

Otchedwa “pang’ono ndi yapakati-wosanjikiza alternation wa amatsogolera, bwino” zikutanthauza kuti vias ochepa (Via) ntchito chigawo kugwirizana ndondomeko, bwino. Malinga ndi mbali, mmodzi kudzera angabweretse za 0.5pF anagawira capacitance, ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha vias akhoza kwambiri kuonjezera liwiro ndi kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa zolakwa deta.

5. Samalani ku “crosstalk” yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi mzere wa chizindikiro mumayendedwe oyandikana nawo

Mawaya oyendera ma frequency apamwamba ayenera kulabadira “crosstalk” yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi njira yofananira ya mizere yolumikizira. Crosstalk imatanthawuza zochitika zolumikizana pakati pa mizere yazizindikiro yomwe siyikulumikizidwa mwachindunji. Popeza ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri amaperekedwa ngati mafunde amagetsi panjira yopatsira, mzere wamakina umakhala ngati mlongoti, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imatulutsidwa kuzungulira mzere wotumizira. Zisonyezo zaphokoso zosafunikira zimapangidwa chifukwa chophatikizana kwa magawo a electromagnetic pakati pa ma siginecha. Chotchedwa crosstalk (Crosstalk). Magawo a PCB wosanjikiza, masinthidwe a mizere yama sigino, mawonekedwe amagetsi akumapeto oyendetsa ndi malo olandirira, ndi njira yoyimitsa mizere ya siginecha zonse zimakhudzana ndi crosstalk. Chifukwa chake, kuti muchepetse kuphatikizika kwa ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri, ndikofunikira kuchita izi momwe mungathere pakuyatsa:

Ngati mawaya akuloleza, kuyika waya pansi kapena ndege yapansi pakati pa mawaya awiri okhala ndi crosstalk yowonjezereka ingathandize kudzipatula ndi kuchepetsa crosstalk. Pakakhala gawo losiyanasiyana la maginito amagetsi pamalo ozungulira mzere wa chizindikiro, ngati kugawa kofananira sikungapewedwe, gawo lalikulu la “nthaka” limatha kukonzedwa mbali ina ya mzere wofananirako kuti muchepetse kusokoneza kwambiri.

Poganizira kuti malo opangira mawaya amaloleza, onjezerani mipata pakati pa mizere yoyandikana nayo, kuchepetsa kutalika kwa mizere yolumikizira, ndipo yesetsani kupanga mzere wa wotchi kuti ukhale wofanana ndi mzere wofunikira m’malo mofanana. Ngati mawaya ofananira mugawo lomwelo ali pafupifupi osalephereka, mu zigawo ziwiri zoyandikana, mayendedwe a waya ayenera kukhala perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake.

M’mabwalo a digito, mawotchi anthawi zonse amakhala ndi masigino osintha mwachangu, omwe amakhala ndi ma crosstalk apamwamba akunja. Choncho, pakupanga, mzere wa wotchiyo uyenera kuzunguliridwa ndi mzere wapansi ndikubowola mabowo ambiri apansi kuti achepetse mphamvu yogawidwa, potero kuchepetsa crosstalk. Kwa mawotchi othamanga kwambiri, yesetsani kugwiritsa ntchito mawotchi otsika-voltage osiyanitsira ndikukulunga pansi, ndikulabadira kukhulupirika kwa phukusi kugunda kukhomerera.

Malo olowera osagwiritsidwa ntchito sayenera kuyimitsidwa, koma kukhazikika kapena kulumikizidwa ndi magetsi (magetsiwo amakhazikikanso pamtundu wamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri), chifukwa chingwe choyimitsidwa chingakhale chofanana ndi mlongoti wotumizira, ndipo kuyikako kumatha kulepheretsa. kutulutsa. Zochita zatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuthetsa crosstalk nthawi zina kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zaposachedwa.

6. Onjezani capacitor yolumikizira ma frequency apamwamba ku pini yamagetsi ya block yophatikizika

A high-frequency decoupling capacitor amawonjezedwa ku pini yamagetsi ya chipini chilichonse chophatikizika chapafupi. Kuchulukitsa cholumikizira chapamwamba cha pini yamagetsi kumatha kupondereza kusokoneza kwa ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri pa pini yamagetsi.

7. Patulani waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha digito chapamwamba kwambiri ndi waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha analogi

Pamene waya analogi pansi, digito pansi waya, etc. olumikizidwa kwa anthu pansi waya, ntchito mkulu-pafupipafupi kutsamwitsa maginito mikanda kulumikiza kapena mwachindunji kudzipatula ndi kusankha malo oyenera kulumikiza mfundo imodzi. Kuthekera kwapansi kwa waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha digito chokwera pafupipafupi nthawi zambiri sikumagwirizana. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana kwina kwamagetsi pakati pa awiriwo mwachindunji. Komanso, waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha digito chokwera kwambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zigawo zolemera kwambiri zamtundu wamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri. Pamene mawaya apansi a digito ndi chingwe chapansi cha analogi chikugwirizana mwachindunji, ma harmonics a chizindikiro chapamwamba chidzasokoneza chizindikiro cha analogi kupyolera mu kugwirizana kwa waya pansi. Choncho, nthawi zonse, waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha digito chapamwamba kwambiri ndi waya wapansi wa chizindikiro cha analogi ayenera kukhala payekha, ndipo njira yolumikizira mfundo imodzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalo abwino, kapena njira yapamwamba- pafupipafupi choke maginito mikanda interconnection angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

8. Pewani malupu opangidwa ndi waya

Mitundu yonse yazizindikiro zamtundu wapamwamba siziyenera kupanga lupu momwe zingathere. Ngati sichingalephereke, malo ozungulira ayenera kukhala ochepa momwe angathere.

9. Ayenera kuwonetsetsa kufananitsa kwabwino kwa ma signal

Pakutumiza kwa ma signature, pamene cholepheretsa sichikufanana, chizindikirocho chidzawonekera mu njira yotumizira, ndipo kuwonetserako kumapangitsa kuti chizindikirocho chipangitse chiwombankhanga, ndikupangitsa kuti chizindikirocho chisinthe pafupi ndi malo omveka.

Njira yofunikira yochotsera kusinkhasinkha ndikufananiza bwino ndi kulepheretsa chizindikiro chotumizira. Popeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa katundu wolemetsa ndi kulepheretsa khalidwe la mzere wotumizira, kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu, kotero kuti kulepheretsa khalidwe la mzere wotumizira chizindikiro kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi kulepheretsa katundu momwe zingathere. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chonde dziwani kuti chingwe chotumizira pa PCB sichingakhale ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kapena ngodya, ndipo yesetsani kusunga kusokoneza kwa mfundo iliyonse ya mzere wopatsirana mosalekeza, mwinamwake padzakhala ziwonetsero pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a mzere wotumizira. Izi zimafuna kuti pa waya wothamanga kwambiri wa PCB, malamulo otsatirawa amawaya ayenera kutsatiridwa:

Malamulo opangira ma waya a USB. Imafunika njira yosiyanitsira ma siginolo a USB, m’lifupi mwake mzere ndi 10mil, mizere yotalikirana ndi 6mil, ndipo mzere wapansi ndi katalikirana ka mzere ndi 6mil.

Malamulo opangira ma waya a HDMI. Njira yosiyanitsira ma siginecha ya HDMI ikufunika, m’lifupi mwake ndi 10mil, mizere yotalikirana ndi 6mil, ndipo malo pakati pamagulu awiri amtundu wa HDMI amapitilira 20mil.

Malamulo a waya a LVDS. Imafunikira njira yosiyanitsira ma siginecha a LVDS, m’lifupi mwake ndi 7mil, mizere yotalikirana ndi 6mil, cholinga chake ndikuwongolera kuyika kwa ma signal a HDMI ku 100 + -15% ohm.

Malamulo a DDR wiring. Kutsata kwa DDR1 kumafuna ma siginecha kuti asadutse mabowo momwe angathere, mizere yazizindikiro ndi yofanana m’lifupi, ndipo mizere imasiyanitsidwa mofanana. Zotsatirazi ziyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo ya 2W kuti muchepetse kulumikizana pakati pa ma siginecha. Pazida zothamanga kwambiri za DDR2 ndi kupitilira apo, ma data othamanga kwambiri amafunikiranso. Mizereyo ndi yofanana muutali kuti iwonetsetse kufananiza kwa chizindikirocho.

10. Tsimikizirani kukhulupirika kwa kufalitsa

Pitirizani kukhulupirika kwa kufalikira kwa ma siginecha ndikupewa “zodabwitsa zapansi” zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kugawanika kwa nthaka.