Waa maxay ballaca xariiqda?

Aynu ku bilowno aasaaska. Waa maxay dhab ahaan baaxadda raadku? Waa maxay sababta ay muhiim u tahay in la qeexo baaxadda raadraaca gaarka ah? Ujeedada PCB fiilooyinka waa in lagu xiro nooc kasta oo ka mid ah signalada korantada (analog, dhijital ama awood) hal bar oo kale.

Boodhku wuxuu noqon karaa biin qayb ka mid ah, laan ka mid ah raad ama diyaarad ka weyn, ama suuf madhan ama barta imtixaanka. Ballaca raadraaca waxaa badanaa lagu cabiraa mil ama kumanaan inji. Ballaarinta fiilooyinka caadiga ah ee calaamadaha caadiga ah (ma jiraan shuruudo gaar ah) waxay noqon karaan dhowr inji oo dherer ah 7-12 mils, laakiin arrimo badan waa in la tixgeliyaa marka la qeexayo ballaarinta iyo dhererka xarigga.

Codsigu wuxuu sida caadiga ah ku kaxeeyaa ballaarinta kaararka iyo nooca fiilooyinka qaabeynta PCB iyo, mar uun, badiyaa wuxuu dheellitiraa qiimaha wax soo saarka PCB, cufnaanta guddiga/cabbirka, iyo waxqabadka. Haddii guddigu leeyahay shuruudo naqshad oo gaar ah, sida hagaajinta xawaaraha, buuqa ama xakamaynta isku -xidhka, ama korantada/korantada sare, ballaca iyo nooca raadku waxay noqon karaan kuwo ka muhimsan hagaajinta qiimaha wax -soo -saarka PCB qaawan ama cabbirka guud ee guddiga.

Faahfaahinta la xiriirta fiilooyinka wax soo saarka PCB

Typically, the following specifications related to wiring begin to increase the cost of manufacturing bare PCB.

Naqshadaha cufnaanta sare ee isku daraya qaadista booska PCB, sida BGA aad u kala durugsan ama tirinnada basaska isbarbar socda, ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan baaxad xarriiq ah 2.5 mil, iyo sidoo kale noocyo khaas ah oo daloollo leh dhexroor ilaa 6 mil, sida laser qoday microthrough-godad. Taa bedelkeeda, qaar ka mid ah naqshadaha awoodda badan ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan xarig aad u weyn ama diyaarado, oo cunaya lakabyo dhan iyo ku shubista wiqiyadood oo ka sii dhumuc weyn heerka. Codsiyada cidhiidhiga ku jira, taarikada aad u dhuuban oo ay ku jiraan dhawr lakab iyo dhumucda naxaasta oo kooban oo ah nus wiqiyad (dhumucda 0.7 mil) ayaa laga yaabaa in loo baahdo.

Xaaladaha kale, naqshadaha isgaarsiinta xawaaraha sare laga bilaabo hal durug ilaa mid kale ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan xarig leh xakamayn la xakameeyey iyo ballaadhin gaar ah iyo kala fogaansho midba midka kale u jiro si loo yareeyo milicsiga iyo isku xirka daahfurka. Ama naqshadeynta ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahan tahay dherer cayiman si ay ugu haboonaato calaamadaha kale ee khuseeya baska. Codsiyada korantada sare waxay u baahan yihiin astaamo badbaado oo gaar ah, sida yaraynta masaafada u dhexaysa laba calaamadood oo kala duwan oo soo ifbaxay si looga hortago soo -jiidashada. Iyada oo aan loo eegin sifooyinka ama astaamaha, qeexidda raadinta ayaa muhiim ah, markaa aan sahamino codsiyada kala duwan.

Ballaarinta fiilooyinka kala duwan iyo dhumucdiisaba

PCBS typically contain a variety of line widths, as they depend on signal requirements. Raadka ugu fiican ee la muujiyey waxaa loogu talagalay TTL-ga guud ahaan (transistor-transistor logic) calaamadaha heerka mana laha shuruudo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay ilaalinta sare ama buuqa.

Kuwani waxay noqon doonaan noocyada fiilooyinka ugu badan ee sabuuradda.

Fiilooyinka dhumucda leh ayaa loo hagaajiyay awoodda wax qaadista ee hadda waxaana loo adeegsan karaa meelaha durugsan ama shaqooyinka la xiriira awoodda ee u baahan awood sare, sida taageerayaasha, matoorada, iyo wareejinta awoodda joogtada ah ee qaybaha hoose. Qeybta bidix ee kore ee shaxanka xitaa waxay muujineysaa calaamad kala duwanaansho (xawaaraha sare ee USB) oo qeexaya kala fogaansho iyo ballaar gaar ah si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha is-hortaagga ee 90 ω. Jaantuska 2 wuxuu muujinayaa guddi wareeg oo xoogaa cufan leh oo leh lix lakab wuxuuna u baahan yahay isku -xirka BGA (isku -xirka kubbadda kubbadda) oo u baahan xarig fiiqan.

Sida loo xisaabiyo width line PCB?

Aynu ku tallaabsanno habaynta xisaabinta ballaca raadraaca qaarkood ee tilmaanta korantada ee hadda ka wareejisa qaybta awoodda una wareejisa aaladda durugsan. Tusaalahan, waxaan ku xisaabin doonaa baaxadda xariiqda ugu yar ee waddada awoodda ee mashiinka DC. Waddada korontadu waxay ka bilaabataa fiyuuska, waxay ka gudubtaa H-buundada (qaybta loo isticmaalo maaraynta gudbinta korontada ee dabaysha DC-ga), waxayna ku dhammaataa isku xiraha mootada. Celceliska ugu sarreeya ee joogtada ah ee looga baahan yahay mashiinka DC waa qiyaastii 2 amperes.

Hadda, fiilooyinka PCB -gu wuxuu u dhaqmaa sidii iska -caabin, oo marka dheer oo cidhiidhsan xadhigga, iska -caabbinta ayaa lagu daraa. Haddii aan si sax ah loo qeexin fiilooyinka, hirarka sare ayaa dhaawici kara xarigga iyo/ama u keeni kara matoor hoos u dhac weyn (taasoo keenta in xawaaraha la yareeyo). Haddii aan u qaadanno xaalado guud, sida 1 wiqiyadood oo ah ku shubidda naxaas iyo heerkulka qolka inta lagu jiro hawlgalka caadiga ah, waxaan u baahannahay inaan xisaabinno baaxadda xarriiqda ugu hooseysa iyo cadaadiska la filayo inuu hoos u dhaco.

Kala dheereynta fiilada PCB iyo dhererka

Naqshadaha dhijitaalka ah ee leh isgaarsiinta xawaaraha sare leh, kala fogaanshaha gaarka ah iyo dhererka la habeeyey ayaa laga yaabaa in loo baahdo si loo yareeyo wadiiqooyinka, isku xirnaanta, iyo milicsiga. Ujeedadaas awgeed, qaar ka mid ah codsiyada caadiga ah waa calaamado kala duwanaansho taxane ah oo ku saleysan USB-ga iyo calaamado isbarbar-dhig ku dhisan oo ku saleysan RAM. Caadi ahaan, USB 2.0 wuxuu u baahan doonaa marin -u -socod kala duwan 480Mbit/s (fasalka xawaaraha sare ee USB) ama ka sareeya. Tani waa qayb ahaan maxaa yeelay USB-ga xawaaraha sare sida caadiga ah wuxuu ku shaqeeyaa danabyo aad u hooseeya iyo kala duwanaansho, taasoo u keenta heerka signalada guud inuu u dhawaado buuqa asalka ah.

Waxaa jira saddex arrimood oo muhiim ah oo la tixgeliyo marka la marayo fiilooyinka USB-ga ee xawaaraha sare leh: ballaca siligga, kala-fogaanta leedhka, iyo dhererka fiilada.

Waxaas oo dhami waa muhiim, laakiin waxa ugu mudan saddexda waa in la hubiyo in dhererka labada xariiq ay u dhigmayaan intii suurtogal ah. As a general rule of thumb, if the lengths of the cables differ from each other by no more than 50 mils, this significantly increases the risk of reflection, which may result in poor communication. 90 ohm impedance u dhigma waa qeexitaan guud oo loogu talagalay kaararka lamaanaha ee kala duwan. Si loo gaaro yoolkaan, marin -habaabinta waa in lagu hagaajiyaa ballaarinta iyo kala -dheereynta.

Jaantuska 5 wuxuu muujinayaa tusaalaha lammaane kala duwan oo loogu talagalay xirayaasha isku xirka USB-ga ee xawaaraha sare leh oo ka kooban 12 mil oo xarig ballaaran oo 15 mil dhexdooda ah.

Interfaces for memory-based components that contain parallel interfaces will be more constrained in terms of wire length. Badi software-ka naqshadeynta PCB-ga ee ugu sarreeya waxay yeelan doonaan awoodo hagaajin dherer ah oo wanaajinaya dhererka xariiqda si ay u waafaqaan dhammaan calaamadaha ku habboon baska isbarbar socda. Jaantuska 6 wuxuu muujinayaa tusaalaha qaabeynta DDR3 oo leh xargaha hagaajinta dhererka.

Raadkii iyo diyaaradihii buuxinta dhulka

Codsiyada qaarkood oo leh qaybo xasaasi u ah buuqa, sida jajabka bilaa-waayirka ah ama anteenooyinkooda, ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan difaac yar oo dheeraad ah. Naqshadaynta fiilooyinka iyo diyaaradaha leh godad dhulka ku jira ayaa si weyn u caawin kara in la yareeyo isku xirnaanta fiilooyinka u dhow ama soo qaadista diyaaradda iyo calaamadaha ka baxsan guddiga ee u soo gurguurta geesaha guddiga.

Figure 7 shows an example of a Bluetooth module placed near the edge of the plate, with its antenna outside a thick line containing embedded through-holes connected to the ground formation. Tani waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa in anteenada laga sooco wareegyada iyo diyaaradaha kale ee saaran.

This alternative method of routing through the ground can be used to protect the board circuit from external off-board wireless signals. Jaantuska 8 wuxuu muujinayaa PCB-ga xasaasiga ah ee buuqa leh oo leh diyaarad duuban oo dalooshan oo ku teedsan hareeraha guddiga.

Hababka ugu fiican ee fiilooyinka PCB

Qodobo badan ayaa go’aamiya sifooyinka fiilooyinka ee beerta PCB, markaa hubso inaad raacdo dhaqamada ugu fiican marka aad fiirsanayso PCB -gaaga xiga, waxaadna ka heli doontaa dheelitir u dhexeeya qiimaha dharka PCB, cufnaanta wareegga, iyo waxqabadka guud.