From prototype circuits on bread boards to designing our own bọọdụ sekit biri ebi (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe ị ga -amụta maka usoro a, yabụ ka anyị bido. PCB design is carried out in an electrical engineering (EE) process. EE na -emepụta “ụbụrụ” nke ka ngwaọrụ si arụ ọrụ. Without electronics, you’re left with little more than a pile of metal and plastic.

Ihe ị ga -amata tupu ịmalite imebe PCB: 1. Ogo PCB – nke a dabere na nha ngwaahịa gị (ma ọ bụ nha ikpe). A kọwapụtara akụkụ ngwaahịa n’oge usoro nhazi injinịa elektrọnik. Ị nwere ike lee vidiyo gbasara ya ebe a. 2. PCB n’ígwé – Ka ọkwa ndị ahụ na -esikwu ike, ka nrụpụta PCB na -esiwanye ike. (Rịba ama: Ọbụna otu PCB nwere ike ịbụ PCB dị mgbagwoju anya, mana ebe a anyị na-ekwu maka ịdị mgbagwoju anya ịme PCB. Ka PCB nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa, ọ ka ọnụ ahịa imepụta ya.)

A na -ejikarị Layer 2 maka ngwaahịa egwuregwu ụmụaka dị mfe

Ngwaahịa ndị metụtara Iot na -enwekarị ọkwa 4

A na -ejikarị ya maka ala 6 ruo 8 nke ama ma ọ bụ smartwatch.

3. Ihe onye nrụpụta PCB chọrọ. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

Ozi ịchọrọ ịnye ndị nrụpụta PCB:

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwa (dịka 2, 4, 6, wdg)

Akụrụngwa (FR-2 (akwụkwọ owu phenolic), FR-3 (akwụkwọ owu na epoxy), FR-4 (eriri iko na epoxy… Wdg)

Thickness (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Wdg)

Color (red, black, green… Wdg)

Ọgwụgwọ elu (ENIG (nickel kemịkal/nmikpu ọla edo), DIG (imikpu ọla edo ozugbo), OSP (ihe nchekwa ihe na -edozi ahụ, wdg)

Ibu ọla kọpa (1 oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 microns) … Wdg)

Gerber faịlụ

Usoro nhazi PCB:

Circuit imewe

For this step, you need to create the schematic. Nke a bụ akwụkwọ, dị ka ụkpụrụ, na -akọwa etu ihe mejupụtara si emetụta ibe ha ma na -arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ. Ka ịmepụta faịlụ schematic, ị ga -achọ ngwa ngwanrọ. Anyị na-amasị Quadcept n’ihi na ọ kachasị mma maka ịchepụta PCBS maka nrụpụta (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ị nwere ike mbupụ Bill nke Ihe (BoM) ozugbo na ngwa) yana igwe ojii, yabụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ọ bụla. (Ha na -enyekwa ụdị ngwa ọrụ n’efu maka ndị nrụpụta na ụmụ akwụkwọ.)

Enwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ ndị ọzọ ị nwere ike ịhọrọ site na:

Altium

ExpressPCB

Ngwa Frequency

KiCad

Cadence allegro

ute

Computer aided design

Ntinye

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. Faịlụ nlereanya ga -enyere gị aka ịbịaru atụmatụ. Akụkụ a na -adị na nchekwa data mgbe ị bulitere ihe nlereanya na ngwa ngwanrọ. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe ị ga -eme bụ ịgbaso ntuziaka data wee jikọọ waya na pin ọ bụla dị na akụrụngwa. (Rịba ama: nkọwa nke usoro nhazi ga -adabere na ngwa ngwanrọ ahọrọ).

Akara atụmatụ nke ọ bụla kwesịrị ịnwe mpaghara oghere PCB nwere njikọ iji kọwaa akụkụ anụ ahụ nke akụrụngwa yana ọnọdụ nke oghere site na oghere ma ọ bụ PCB. You should have selected the components (or are now selecting them), and we describe this process in the EE Design Process video (see video).

Ihe atụ atụ

Ezi atụmatụ dị ezigbo mkpa, n’ihi na a ga -eji ya dị ka akwụkwọ ntụaka n’oge nrụpụta yana ọ bụ ezigbo ngwa nkwukọrịta n’etiti ndị injinia ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, onye nrụpụta nwere ike nwalee ngwaọrụ site na ebe nnwale na akwụkwọ a.

Nhazi PCB + faịlụ Gerber

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. N’adịghị ka usoro atụmatụ, nhazi PCB na -ekenye ihe ndị mejupụtara ya na ọnọdụ dị na PCB ma gosipụta egwu na -ejikọ akụkụ nke ọ bụla n’etiti akwa PCB. Dị ka ekwuru na mbido akụkọ a, ka ọkwa ndị ọzọ, ka nrụpụta dị mgbagwoju anya chọrọ, na ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Mgbe ahụ, jide n’aka na ijikọ akụkụ nke ngalaba nke ọ bụla n’otu mpaghara. N’ụzọ dị otu a, ị nwere ike idobe akara ngosi dị mkpirikpi ma belata mkpọtụ na nnyonye anya.

Ekwesịrị iburu n’uche njirimara onye ọrụ (UI) mgbe ị na -emepụta PCB. Ọ dị mkpa ka emezigharị ihe ndị dị ka jacks ọdịyo, njikọ, leds, wdg iji nweta ahụmịhe onye ọrụ kacha mma.

Ozugbo emebere nhazi ahụ, a na -emepụta faịlụ Gerber. Onye nrụpụta PCBA gị ga -eji faịlụ a. Enwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na -enye ọrụ ndị a, site na ọbá akwụkwọ ọkachamara HWTrek anyị na -akwado Kingbrother, NexPCB, na HQPCB.

Ịlele faịlụ Gerber

Ntinye nke ihe dị na PCB dị ezigbo mkpa. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nwere ike igbochi ibe ha ma kpatara omume a na -atụghị anya ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere modulu Bluetooth na Wi-Fi, ha nwere otu bandwit 2.4ghz ma nwee ike igbochi ibe ha ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma.

PCB production

Mgbe izipu faịlụ Gerber na onye nrụpụta PCB, ha nwere ike bipụta bọọdụ ahụ. Nke a ga -abụ ihe ndabere iji wulite ntọala maka ịgbakwunye ihe na PCB na imepụta PCBA (ọgbakọ ọgbakọ okirikiri ebipụtara).

PCBS ejikọtaghị ọnụ

PCBA (Mgbakọ)

Ngwa ihe

N’oge a na atụmatụ EE gị, ị ga -ahọrọrịrị ihe mejupụtara ya. Ị nwere ike ịrịọ onye nrụpụta PCBA ka ọ nye gị ihe ndị achọrọ, ma ọ bụ mee ya n’onwe gị ma ọ bụrụ na ịhọrọ onye na -ebubata ngwaahịa. Ihe ndị chọrọ nlebara anya:

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. Maka akụkụ ụfọdụ, ọ nwere ike were izu 8-16.

Nkwakọ ngwaahịa: Nye ihe ndị sitere na reels nke igwe SMT na -ewere na -akpaghị aka kama ịkwakọba ha n’otu n’otu.

Opekempe iji buru ibu: Lelee ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha nta nke ngwa. Ọ bụrụ na ịzụrụ ihe na -erughị opekempe, gbaa mbọ hụ na ihe ndị ahọpụtara dị na ngwaahịa. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ karịa, biko chọọ ndụmọdụ n’aka onye nrụpụta gị.

Ọnwụ: Nye 10% karịa iji kpuchie mfu (ọ bụghị maka ihe dị oke ọnụ)

Wụnye akụrụngwa na PCB

Enwere ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa iji tinye ihe dị na elu PCB:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. A makwaara ya dị ka DIP ma ọ bụ usoro nkwakọ ngwaahịa abụọ. (Lee SMT na -aga n’ihu na vidiyo a)

SMT (teknụzụ elu ugwu) bụ usoro a na -ejikarị eme ihe na imepụta oke. A na -eme ya site na ngwa ngwa SMT ngwa ngwa, nke na -azọpụta gị oge, ego ma zere njehie mmadụ.

Ihe icheta:

Nọmba ụdị ngwa gị agaghị agabiga ọnụ ọgụgụ reels nke igwe SMT nke onye nrụpụta nwere ike ịkwado.

Kwalite ma jikọta ihe mejupụtara gị ka naanị otu SMT na -agba.

Lelee nha akwa akara ukwu akara nrụpụta. Ma ọ bụghị ya, igwe SMT agaghị arụnye akụrụngwa nke ọma.

Agaghị arụnye ụfọdụ ihe ka ibu site na igwe ma ọ ka na-achọ ọrụ aka n’ime oghere. Ya mere, enwere ike iji teknụzụ abụọ ahụ n’otu bọọdụ.

Ngwa ọ bụla ịchọrọ iji aka tinye site na ụzọ oghere gbakwunye ọnụ ahịa nrụpụta.

Reflow soldering

Ntanye reflow bụ usoro nke ime ka ihe “rapara” na PCB. PCBA na -eme ka bọọdụ sekit na -enwu site na ite ọkụ ma ọ bụ oriọna infrared ruo mgbe solder gbazere, si otú a na -ejikọ ihe ahụ na bọọdụ sekit.

Akụkụ kachasị aghụghọ ebe a abụghị ka ikpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ mebie ihe mejupụtara ya, n’ihi na njiri ọkụ nke ngwugwu ọ bụla dị iche. Onye nrụpụta PCBA a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ga -ahụ maka usoro a, naanị ihe ị ga -eme bụ ịnye ha nkọwapụta akụrụngwa.

Usoro reflux.

Usoro ịgbado ọkụ ndị ọzọ:

A na-ejikarị ịgbado ọkụ na-eji ihe agbakwunyere aka site na ụzọ oghere. N’okwu a, PCBA gị ga -ebu ụzọ banye n’oké ọkụ ịgbado ọkụ, wee jiri aka tinye ihe ndị ọzọ mgbe ọ ga -agafe igwe na -ere ọkụ.

Enwere ike iji ịgbado ọkụ igwe maka ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mana ọ bụghị maka imepụta oke.

Nnwale na nyocha dị mma

N’ime usoro a, a na -anwale nlele PCBA iji hụ na ịdị mma. Mperi ndị a na -ahụkarị bụ: obere sekit dị na ihe mebiri emebi, ihe na -emezighị emezi na akụkụ nke sekit nke a na -ekwesịghị ijikọ. Nnwale ndị a na -ahụkarị:

ICT (Nnwale ntanetị). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. Igwe ICT ga -eji isi ule ndị a maka ule sekit mepere emepe/mkpụmkpụ wee chọpụta na ụkpụrụ nke ihe ndị na -agafe agafe (resistors, inductors, capacitors) dị n’ime oke nkọwapụta.

AOI (Nnyocha ngwa anya akpaka). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. Maka ule a, onye nrụpụta ngwaike ga -enye onye nrụpụta nkọwapụta na ntachi obi iji tọọ oke.

X -ray. Onye nrụpụta PCBA ga-eji ụzarị X chọpụta ọnọdụ ịgbado ọkụ nke ihe BGA (ball Grid Array). Lelee ule X-ray na vidiyo a.