Manomboka amin’ny boribory prototype amin’ny tabilao mofo ka hatramin’ny famolavolana ny antsika pirinty boribory pirinty (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. There’s a lot to learn about this process, so let’s get started. Ny famolavolana PCB dia tanterahina amin’ny fizotran’ny injeniera elektrika (EE). Ny EE dia mamorona ny “ati-doha” amin’ny fomba fiasan’ny fitaovana. Raha tsy misy elektronika dia sisa kely noho ny antontam-by sy plastika sisa tavela aminao.

Zavatra tokony ho fantatra alohan’ny hanombohana ny famolavolana PCB: 1. haben’ny PCB – miankina amin’ny haben’ny vokatrao (na ny haben’ny tranga izany). Ny refin’ny vokatra dia voafaritra mandritra ny dingan’ny famolavolana injeniera elektronika. You can watch a video about it here. 2. sosona PCB – Arakaraka ny habetsaky ny sosona no mahasarotra ny FOMBA ny PCB. (Fanamarihana: Na PCB iray sosona aza dia mety ho PCB sarotra, saingy eto isika dia miresaka momba ny fahasarotana amin’ny fanaovana PCB. Arakaraka ny anaovan’ny PCB azy no lafo kokoa ny manamboatra azy.)

Ny layer 2 dia matetika ampiasaina amin’ny vokatra kilalao tsotra

Ireo vokatra mifandraika amin’ny Iot dia matetika manana sosona 4

Ampiasaina matetika amin’ny gorodona 6 ka hatramin’ny 8 an’ny smartphone na smartwatch.

3. Fepetran’ny mpanamboatra PCB anao. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

Fampahalalana ilainao omena ny mpanamboatra PCB:

Number of layers (e.g. 2, 4, 6, etc.)

Fitaovana (FR-2 (taratasy landihazo fenolika), FR-3 (taratasy landihazo sy epoxy), FR-4 (fibre fitaratra sy epoxy… Etc.)

Hateviny (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Etc.)

Color (red, black, green… Etc.)

Fitsaboana ambonimbony (ENIG (fantsom-bolan’ny nikelika / volamena), DIG (fanitrika volamena mivantana), OSP (preservatives solderable organika, sns.)

Milanja varahina (1 Oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 micron)… Etc.)

Gerber fisie

Drafitra famolavolana PCB:

Famolavolana faribolana

For this step, you need to create the schematic. Ity dia antontan-taratasy, toy ny drafitra, izay mamaritra ny fifandraisan’ny singa sy ny fiaraha-miasa. Mba hamoronana ilay rakitra skema dia mila fitaovana rindrambaiko ianao. Tianay ny Quadcept satria nohamarinina amin’ny famolavolana PCBS amin’ny famokarana (ohatra, afaka mandefa Bill of Material (BoM) mivantana avy amin’ny fitaovana ianao) ary miorina amin’ny rahona, ka azo ampiasaina mora foana na aiza na aiza. (Manolotra kinova fiarahamonina maimaim-poana ho an’ny mpanamboatra sy ny mpianatra ihany koa izy ireo.)

Misy safidy maro hafa azonao isafidianana:

Altium

ExpressPCB

Fitaovana matetika

KiCad

Cadence allegro

tsihy

Famolavolana fanampiana amin’ny solosaina

DipTrace

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. Ny rakitra modely dia hanampy anao hanao sary ny tetika. Io singa io dia azo alaina ao anaty tahiry rehefa mampakatra ny maodely amin’ny fitaovan’ny rindrambaiko ianao. Avy eo, ny sisa ataonao dia ny manaraka ny boky torolàlana ary mampifandray ny tariby amin’ny pin tsirairay ao amin’ilay singa. (Fanamarihana: ny antsipirian’ny fizotran’ny famolavolana dia miankina amin’ny fitaovana rindrambaiko voafantina).

Ny mari-pamantarana skema tsirairay dia mila manana faritra habaka PCB mifandraika mba hamaritana ny refy ara-batana amin’ilay singa sy ny toerana misy ireo lavaka amin’ny lampihazo na PCB. You should have selected the components (or are now selecting them), and we describe this process in the EE Design Process video (see video).

Sary ohatra

A good schematic is really important, as it will be used as a reference document during debugging and is a good communication tool with other engineers. Ho fanampin’izany, ny mpanamboatra dia afaka mitsapa ny fitaovana amin’ny alàlan’ny teboka fitsapana amin’ity antontan-taratasy ity.

Layout PCB + fisie Gerber

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. Tsy toy ny skotojika iray, ny layout PCB dia manendry ireo singa tena izy amin’ny toerana tena misy ao amin’ny PCB ary mampiseho ireo lalana izay mampifandray ireo singa tsirairay avy eo anelanelan’ny sosona PCB. Araka ny voalaza teo am-piandohan’ity lahatsoratra ity, arakaraka ny maha-sosona azy, no mahasarotra ny famokarana, ary ny vidiny avo kokoa.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Avy eo, aza hadino ny manangona ireo singa ao amin’ny faritra tsirairay amin’ny faritra iray ihany. Amin’izany dia azonao atao ny mitazona ny lalan’ny conductive ho fohy ary mampihena ny tabataba sy ny fanelingelenana.

Ny interface interface (UI) koa dia mila tadidina rehefa mamorona PCB. Ireo singa toy ny jack audio, connectors, leds sns dia mila ahitsy mba hahatratrarana ny traikefan’ny mpampiasa tsara indrindra.

Raha vantany vao noforonina ny layout, hiteraka rakitra Gerber. Your PCBA manufacturer will use this file. Betsaka ny orinasa manolotra ireo serivisy ireo ary avy amin’ny tranombokin’ny manam-pahaizana momba ny HWTrek dia manome soso-kevitra izahay Kingbrother, NexPCB, ary HQPCB.

Sample Gerber ohatra

Ny fametrahana ireo singa ao amin’ny PCB dia tena zava-dehibe. Ny singa sasany dia mety mifanelingelina ary miteraka fihetsika tsy ampoizina. Ohatra, raha samy manana ny modely Bluetooth sy Wi-Fi ianao dia manana fantsom-pifandraisana 2.4ghz mitovy izy ireo ary afaka mifanelingelina raha toa ka apetraka tsy mety.

PCB production

Rehefa mandefa ny fisie Gerber amin’ny mpanamboatra PCB ianao dia afaka manonta ny tabilao. Io no ho fototra hananganana bebe kokoa ny fototra hanampiana singa ao amin’ny PCB sy ny fanamboarana ny PCBA (fivorian’ny birao vita pirinty).

PCBS tsy voangona

PCBA (Assembly)

Fanomanana fitaovana

Amin’ity fotoana ity amin’ny famolavolana EE dia tokony nisafidy ireo singa ianao. Azonao atao ny mangataka amin’ny mpanamboatra PCBA hanafatra ireo singa ilaina ho anao, na ataovy izany raha misafidy mpamatsy iray ianao. Zavatra mila saina:

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. Ho an’ny singa sasany, dia mety maharitra hatramin’ny 8-16 herinandro.

Fonosana: Manafatra singa avy amin’ny roul izay alaina ho azy avy amin’ny milina SMT fa tsy fonosana tsirairay.

Orinasa farafahakeliny ambany indrindra: zahao ny isan’ny lamina farafahakeliny ao amin’ilay singa. Raha mividy latsaky ny kely indrindra ianao dia alao antoka fa ao anaty tahiry ireo singa voafantina. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. Raha mila habetsahana bebe kokoa dia mangataha torohevitra amin’ny mpanamboatra anao.

Fatiantoka: manafatra 10% bebe kokoa hanarona ny fatiantoka (tsy ho an’ny singa lafo vidy)

Mametraha singa ao amin’ny PCB

Misy fomba roa lehibe hametrahana singa ao amin’ny PCB:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. Izy io koa dia fantatra amin’ny anarana hoe DIP na fizotran’ny fonosana roa. (Jereo ny SMT eo am-pikasana amin’ity horonantsary ity)

SMT (teknolojia ambony haavo) no fomba be mpampiasa indrindra amin’ny famokarana betsaka. Miasa amin’ny milina SMT haingana sy marina izay mahavonjy fotoana, vola ary fisorohana ny hadisoan’ny olombelona.

Ireo zavatra tokony hotadidina:

Ny laharan-karazan-tarehinao dia tsy tokony hihoatra ny isan’ny tady izay azon’ny masinina mpamokatra SMT.

Manatsara sy manambatra ireo singa misy anao mba SMT iray ihany no mihodina.

Hamarino ny haben’ny kapila tohanan’ny mpanamboatra. Raha tsy izany dia tsy hametraka singa tsara ny milina SMT.

Ny singa lehibe kokoa dia tsy azo apetraka amin’ny masinina ary mbola mila asa amin’ny alàlan’ny lavaka tanana. Noho izany, ny teknolojia roa dia azo ampiasaina amin’ny solaitrabe iray.

Izay singa ilainao ampidirina amin’ny tanana amin’ny alàlan’ny fomba famoahana lavaka dia ampio ny vidin’ny famokarana.

Soldering reflow

Ny soldering Reflow dia ny dingan’ny fanaovana “stick” amin’ny PCB. Ny PCBA dia manafana ny fantsom-pifandraisana amin’ny alàlan’ny lafaoro mirehitra na jiro infrared mandra-pisonika ny solder, amin’izay dia apetany maharitra amin’ilay singa ao amin’ny board circuit.

Ny ampahany sarotra indrindra eto dia ny tsy mihoampampana na manimba ireo singa, satria tsy mitovy ny toetra mampiavaka ny fonosana tsirairay. Mpanamboatra PCBA azo antoka no tompon’andraikitra amin’ity fizotrany ity, ary ny ilainao fotsiny dia ny manome azy ireo andinindininy manokana.

Fomba fiovana.

Fomba welding hafa:

Ny fametahana ny onja dia ampiasaina indrindra amin’ny singa ampiana tanana amin’ny alàlan’ny fomba lavaka. Amin’ity tranga ity, ny PCBA-nao dia handalo ny lafaoro welding farany, ary avy eo ampio singa hafa avy eo aorian’ny fandalovany ilay milina fandefasana onja.

Ny vy vy dia azo ampiasaina amin’ny toe-javatra manokana, fa tsy amin’ny famokarana betsaka.

Fitsapana sy fanaraha-maso kalitao

Amin’ity dingana ity, ny santionany PCBA dia sedraina mba hiantohana ny kalitaony. Ny lesoka mahazatra dia: boribory fohy amin’ireo singa tapaka, singa tsy mifanaraka ary ampahany amin’ny faritra tsy tokony hifandraisana. Ny fitsapana mahazatra indrindra:

TIC (Fitsapana an-tserasera). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. Ny milina TIC dia hampiasa ireo teboka fitsapana ireo ho an’ny fizahan-tany misokatra / fohy ary hizaha ny soatoavin’ny singa passive (resistors, inductors, capacitor) dia ao anatin’ny faritry ny famaritana.

AOI (Fanaraha-maso optika mandeha ho azy). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. Ho an’ity fitsapana ity dia mila manome famaritana sy fandeferana amin’ny mpamokatra ny mpamorona fitaovana mba hametrahana ireo masontsivana.

X ray. Ny mpanamboatra PCBA dia hampiasa taratra X mba hanamarinana ny fangarony ny singa BGA (ball Grid Array). Jereo ny andrana X-ray amin’ity horonantsary ity.