Kubva kumashiripiti ematunhu pane echingwa mabhodhi ekugadzira edu edu yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. There’s a lot to learn about this process, so let’s get started. Pcb dhizaini inoitwa mune yeinjiniya yemagetsi (EE) maitiro. EE inogadzira “huropi” hwekuti mashandiro anoita sei. Pasina zvemagetsi, unosara uine zvishoma kupfuura murwi wesimbi nepurasitiki.

Zvinhu zvekuziva usati watanga pcb dhizaini: 1. PCB saizi – izvi zvinoenderana nesaizi yechigadzirwa (kana saizi kesi). Chiyero chechigadzirwa chinotsanangurwa panguva yemagetsi enjiniya dhizaini dhizaini. You can watch a video about it here. 2.Machira ePCB- Iyo yakanyanya kuwanda, iko kunowedzera kuomesa Kugadzirwa kwePCB. (Cherekedza: Kunyangwe imwechete-rukoko PCB inogona kuve yakaoma PCB, asi pano tiri kutaura nezve kuomarara kwekugadzira PCB. Iyo yakawanda matanda iyo PCB ine, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya kugadzira.)

Chidimbu 2 chinowanzo shandiswa pazvinhu zviri nyore zvekutambisa

Zvigadzirwa zvine hukama neIot zvinowanzove nematanho mana

Typically used for floors 6 to 8 of a smartphone or smartwatch.

3. Your PCB manufacturer’s requirements. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

Ruzivo iwe rwaunoda kupa kune vePCB vagadziri:

Number of layers (e.g. 2, 4, 6, etc.)

Zvishandiso (FR-2 (phenolic donje bepa), FR-3 (donje bepa uye epoxy), FR-4 (girazi faibha uye epoxy… Nezvimwewo)

Ukobvu (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Nezvimwewo)

Color (red, black, green… Nezvimwewo)

Surface kurapwa (ENIG (kemikari nickel / kunyudzwa kwegoridhe), DIG (yakananga kunyudza yegoridhe), OSP (organic organic inotengeswa zvinodzivirira, nezvimwewo)

Kurema kwemhangura (1 oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 microns)… Nezvimwewo)

Gerber faira

Pcb dhizaini maitiro:

Dunhu dhizaini

For this step, you need to create the schematic. Iri igwaro, rakafanana nepurani, rinotsanangura mashandiro anoita zvinhu zvinoenderana uye kushanda pamwechete. Kugadzira iyo schematic faira, iwe unozoda software chishandiso. Isu tinoda Quadcept nekuti yakagadzirirwa dhizaini PCBS yekugadzira (semuenzaniso, unogona kutumira kunze Bhiri reMidziyo (BoM) yakananga kubva kuchombo) uye ine gore-rakavakirwa, kuti igone kushandiswa kwese kwese. (Vanopawo yemahara nharaunda vhezheni yechishandiso chevagadziri nevadzidzi.)

Pane zvakawanda zvimwe zvaunogona kusarudza kubva:

Altium

ExpressPCB

Frequency mudziyo

KiCad

Cadence allegro

chimeti

Computer yakabatsirwa dhizaini

DipTrace

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. Iyo modhi faira ichakubatsira iwe kudhirowa schematic. Ichi chinhu chinova chinowanikwa mudhatabhesi kana iwe uchiisa iyo modhi kune software chishandiso. Zvino, zvese zvaunofanirwa kuita kutevedzera iro dhata bhuku uye batanidza waya kune pini yega yega muchinhu. (Cherekedza: ruzivo rwekugadzira dhizaini kunoenderana nesoftware chishandiso chakasarudzwa).

Each schematic symbol needs to have an associated PCB space area to define the physical dimensions of the component and the location of the through holes on the brazing pad or PCB. You should have selected the components (or are now selecting them), and we describe this process in the EE Design Process video (see video).

Semuenzaniso dhayagiramu

A good schematic is really important, as it will be used as a reference document during debugging and is a good communication tool with other engineers. Uye zvakare, iyo inogadzira inogona kuyedza chishandiso kuburikidza nemapoinzi ebvunzo pane ino gwaro.

Pcb dhizaini + Gerber faira

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. Kusiyana nehurongwa, pcb marongero anopa izvo chaizvo zvinhu kunzvimbo chaidzo paPCB uye inoratidza matraki anobatanidza chinhu chimwe nechimwe pamwechete pakati pezvikamu zvePCB. Sezvambotaurwa pakutanga kwechinyorwa chino, kuwanda kwematanho, zvakanyanya kuomesa kugadzirwa kunodiwa, uye mutengo unowedzera.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Then, be sure to group the components of each section into the same area. Neiyi nzira, iwe unogona kuchengeta iyo inoteedzera trace ipfupi uye kudzikamisa ruzha nekukanganisa.

Iyo yekushandisa interface (UI) inodawo kuchengetwa mupfungwa kana kugadzira PCB. Zvimedu zvakadai semajack jack, ma connector, leds, nezvimwe zvinoda kugadziriswa kuti uwane ruzivo rwakanakisisa rwevashandisi.

Kana kamwe marongero akagadzirwa, faira reGerber rinogadzirwa. Your PCBA manufacturer will use this file. Kune makambani mazhinji anopa masevhisi aya, uye kubva kuhunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hweHWTrek tinokurudzira Kingbrother, NexPCB, uye HQPCB.

Sample Gerber files

Kuiswa kwezvinhu paPCB kwakakosha kwazvo. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kupindirana uye zvinokonzeresa maitiro asingatarisirwe. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uine ese maBluetooth uye neWi-Fi module, iwo ane akafanana 2.4ghz bandwidth uye anogona kupindirana nemumwe kana zvisirizvo zvakaiswa.

PCB production

Paunotumira iyo Gerber faira kumugadziri wePBB, vanogona kupurinda bhodhi. Ichi chichava hwaro hwekuenderera mberi nekuvaka hwaro hwekuwedzera zvikamu kuPCB nekugadzira iyo PCBA (yakadhindwa wedunhu bhodhi gungano).

Yakasanganiswa PCBS

PCBA (Assembly)

Kugadzirira kwezvinhu

Panguva ino muEE dhizaini, iwe unofanirwa kunge wakasarudza izvo zvinhu. You can ask the PCBA manufacturer to order the required components for you, or do it yourself if you choose a supplier. Zvinhu zvinoda kutarisirwa

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. For some components, it can take up to 8-16 weeks.

Packaging: Order components from reels that are automatically picked up by SMT machines instead of packaging them individually.

Minimum odha huwandu: Tarisa hushoma hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwechinhu. Kana iwe ukatenga zvishoma pane zvakashomeka, ita shuwa kuti izvo zvakasarudzwa zvinhu zviri muchitoro. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. Kuti uwane zvimwe zvakawanda, ndokumbirawo ubvunze zano kubva kumugadziri wako.

Kurasikirwa: Raira 10% zvimwe kuvhara kurasikirwa (kwete kwezvinhu zvinodhura)

Isa zvinhu paPCB

Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekuisa zvinhu pane PCB penyika:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare inozivikanwa seDIP kana maviri mu-mutsetse kurongedza maitiro. (Ona SMT iri kuenderera muvhidhiyo iyi)

SMT (pamusoro pegomo tekinoroji) ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira kwakawanda. Inoitwa nekukurumidza, kwakaringana michina yeSMT inokuchengetedza nguva, mari uye kudzivirira kukanganisa kwevanhu.

Zvinhu zvokuyeuka:

Yako chikamu chemhando nhamba haifanire kupfuudza huwandu hwesimbi iyo inogona kugadzirwa nemuchina weSMT.

Gadzirisa uye simbisa zvinhu zvako kuitira kuti SMT imwe chete imhanye.

Tarisa mugadziri akatsigira tsoka tsoka tsoka. Zvikasadaro, iyo SMT muchina haugadzike zvinhu nemazvo.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakura hazvigone kuiswa nemuchina uye zvichiri kudikanwa zvemanyore-kuburikidza-gomba basa. Naizvozvo, matekinoroji ese ari maviri anogona kushandiswa pane rimwe bhodhi.

Chero izvo zvinhu zvaunoda kuti uwedzere nemaoko kuburikidza neiyo-nzira nzira kuwedzera kune yekugadzira mutengo.

Reflow soldering

Reflow soldering ndiyo nzira yekugadzira zvikamu “zvinonamira” kuPCB. Iyo PCBA inopisa iyo redunhu bhodhi kuburikidza neyakaregedza choto kana infrared mwenje kudzamara solder yanyungudika, nokudaro ichibatanidza zvachose chinhu ichocho kune redunhu bhodhi.

Chikamu chakanyanyisa pano hachisi chekupisa kana kukuvadza izvo zvinhu, nekuti hunhu hwekupisa hwepakeji imwe neimwe hwakasiyana. Anogadzira PCBA mugadziri anozotungamira pane izvi, uye zvese zvaunoda kuti uite kuvapa iwo maratidziro echinhu.

Reflux maitiro.

Dzimwe nzira dzekutenderera:

Wave soldering inonyanyo shandiswa pamurume akawedzera zvinongedzo nenzira yekupinda-gomba. Panyaya iyi, PCBA yako ichatanga kupfuura kuburikidza reflow nomoto choto, uye ipapo manually kuwedzera zvimwe zvinoumba pashure zvichaita kuburikidza chinozunguzirwa soldering muchina.

Iron Welding inogona kushandiswa kune chaiwo mamiriro, asi kwete kugadzirwa kwakawanda.

Kuedzwa uye kuongorora kwehunhu

Mune ino nhanho, PCBA sampuli dzinoedzwa kuona mhando. Zvikanganiso zvakajairika ndeizvi: maseketi mapfupi muzvinhu zvisina kukamurwa, zvinhu zvisina kuumbwa zvakanaka uye zvikamu zvedunhu izvo hazvifanirwe kunge zvakabatana. Miedzo yakajairika:

ICT (Kuyedza pamhepo). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. Muchina weICT unoshandisa aya ekuyedza ekuvhura / mapfupi kuyedzwa wedunhu uye kutarisa kuti hunhu hwezvinhu zvisina basa (resistors, inductors, capacitors) zviri mukati meiyo renji renji.

AOI (Otomatiki oparesheni yekuongorora). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. Kune iri bvunzo, musiki wehardware anodikanwa kuti ape iwo maratidziro uye kushivirira kumugadziri kumisikidza parameter.

X ray. Iyo PCBA inogadzira inoshandisa maX-ray kutarisa mamiriro emoto ezvinhu zveBGA (bhora Grid Array). Tarisa iyo X-ray bvunzo mune ino vhidhiyo.