From prototype circuits on bread boards to designing our own boto ea potoloho e hatisitsoeng (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. Ho na le lintho tse ngata tseo re ka ithutang tsona ka ts’ebetso ena, kahoo a re qaleng. PCB design is carried out in an electrical engineering (EE) process. EE e theha “boko” ba hore na lisebelisoa li sebetsa joang. Without electronics, you’re left with little more than a pile of metal and plastic.

Lintho tseo u lokelang ho li tseba pele u qala moralo oa PCB: 1. Boholo ba PCB – sena se latela boholo ba sehlahisoa sa hau (kapa boholo ba nyeoe). Litekanyo tsa lihlahisoa li hlalosoa nakong ea moralo oa boenjiniere ba elektroniki. U ka shebella video e mabapi le eona mona. 2. dikarolo PCB – The le dikarolo ho feta, e rarahaneng ho feta ho etsa thepa ea PCB. (Tlhokomeliso: Esita le PCB e le ‘ngoe e ka ba PCB e rarahaneng, empa mona re bua ka ho rarahana ha ho etsa PCB. Ha mekhahlelo e mengata eo PCB e nang le eona, e theko e phahameng ho e etsa.)

Lera 2 hangata e sebelisetsoa lihlahisoa tse bonolo tsa ho bapala

Lihlahisoa tse amanang le Iot hangata li na le likarolo tse 4

Typically used for floors 6 to 8 of a smartphone or smartwatch.

3. Ditlhoko tsa moetsi wa hao wa PCB. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

Tlhahisoleseling eo u hlokang ho e fa baetsi ba PCB:

Palo ea likarolo (mohlala, 2, 4, 6, jj.)

Lisebelisoa (FR-2 (pampiri ea phenolic cotton), FR-3 (pampiri ea k’hothone le epoxy), FR-4 (khalase ea fiber le epoxy… Jj.)

Thickness (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Jj.)

Color (red, black, green… Jj.)

Kalafo ea bokaholimo (ENIG (nikele ea lik’hemik’hale / ho qoelisoa ka khauta), DIG (ho qoelisoa ka kotloloho ea khauta), OSP (li-preservative tse bolokiloeng ka manyolo, jj.)

Boima ba koporo (1 oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 microns)… Jj.)

Faele ea Gerber

Ts’ebetso ea moralo oa PCB:

Moralo oa potoloho

For this step, you need to create the schematic. Ena ke tokomane, joalo ka polane, e hlalosang hore na likarolo li amana joang le ho sebetsa ‘moho. Ho theha file ea schematic, o tla hloka sesebelisoa sa software. Re rata Quadcept hobane e ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa ho rala PCBS bakeng sa tlhahiso (ka mohlala, o ka romella Bill of Material (BoM) ka kotloloho ho sesebelisoa) mme e thehiloe marung, ka hona e ka sebelisoa habonolo kae kapa kae. (Li fana ka sesebelisoa sa mahala sa baetsi le baithuti.)

Ho na le likhetho tse ling tse ngata tseo u ka khethang ho tsona:

Altium

ExpressPCB

Sesebelisoa sa maqhubu

KiCad

Cadence allegro

be khoa mat

Computer aided design

DipTrace

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. Faele ea mohlala e tla u thusa ho taka moralo. Karolo ena e ea fumaneha database ha u kenya mofuta ho sesebelisoa sa software. Ebe sohle seo u lokelang ho se etsa ke ho latela buka ea data ebe u hokela terata phakeng e ngoe le e ngoe. (Tlhokomeliso: lintlha tsa ts’ebetso ea moralo li tla latela sesebelisoa sa software se khethiloeng).

Each schematic symbol needs to have an associated PCB space area to define the physical dimensions of the component and the location of the through holes on the brazing pad or PCB. You should have selected the components (or are now selecting them), and we describe this process in the EE Design Process video (see video).

Mohlala oa setšoantšo

Morero o motle o bohlokoa haholo, kaha o tla sebelisoa e le tokomane ea litšupiso nakong ea ho lokisa bothata ebile ke sesebelisoa se setle sa puisano le baenjiniere ba bang. Ntle le moo, moetsi a ka leka sesebelisoa ka lintlha tsa liteko tse tokomaneng ena.

Sebopeho sa PCB + file ea Gerber

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. Ho fapana le moralo, moralo oa PCB o fana ka likarolo tsa ‘nete ho libaka tse tobileng ho PCB mme e bonts’a lipina tse hokahanyang karolo ka’ ngoe hammoho lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa PCB. Joalokaha ho boletsoe qalong ea sengoloa sena, ha likarolo li ntse li eketseha, ho etsa thepa ho rarahane le ho feta, ‘me litheko li phahame.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Then, be sure to group the components of each section into the same area. Ka tsela ena, o ka boloka mokhoa o ts’oarellang mme o fokotsa lerata le tšitiso.

Sebopeho sa mosebelisi (UI) le sona se hloka ho bolokoa kelellong ha ho raloa PCB. Lisebelisoa tse joalo ka li-audio jacks, lihokela, li-led, jj li hloka ho fetoloa ho fihlela boiphihlelo bo nepahetseng ba mosebelisi.

Hang ha moralo o entsoe, ho hlahisoa faele ea Gerber. Moetsi oa hau oa PCBA o tla sebelisa file ena. Ho na le lik’hamphani tse ngata tse fanang ka lits’ebeletso tsena, ‘me ho tsoa laeboraring ea litsebi ea HWTrek re khothaletsa Kingbrother, NexPCB le HQPCB.

Mehlala ea lifaele tsa Gerber

Ho beoa ha likarolo ho PCB ho bohlokoa haholo. Likarolo tse ling li ka kena-kenana ‘me tsa baka boits’oaro bo sa lebelloang. Mohlala, haeba u na le li-module tsa Bluetooth le Wi-Fi, li na le bandwidth e tšoanang ea 2.4ghz mme li ka kena-kenana haeba li behiloe ka phoso.

PCB production

Ha o romella faele ea Gerber ho moetsi oa PCB, ba ka hatisa boto. Ona e tla ba motheo oa ho aha motheo oa ho eketsa likarolo ho PCB le ho etsa PCBA (kopano ea boto ea potoloho e hatisitsoeng).

PCBS e sa kopaneng

PCBA (Assembly)

Ho lokisa lintho tse bonahalang

Nakong ena ea moralo oa hau oa EE, u ka be u khethile likaroloana. You can ask the PCBA manufacturer to order the required components for you, or do it yourself if you choose a supplier. Lintlha tse hlokang ho tsotelloa:

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. Bakeng sa likarolo tse ling, ho ka nka libeke tse 8-16.

Packaging: Laela likarolo tsa li-reel tse nkuoang ka boiketsetso ke mechini ea SMT ho fapana le ho li paka ka bonngoe.

Bonyane ba palo ea odara: Lekola boholo ba odara ea karolo eo. Haeba o reka ka tlase ho bonyane, etsa bonnete ba hore likarolo tse khethiloeng li teng setokong. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. Bakeng sa tse ling tse ngata, ka kopo batla likeletso ho moetsi oa hau.

Tahlehelo: Odara 10% ho feta ho koahela tahlehelo (eseng bakeng sa likarolo tse turang)

Kenya likarolo ho PCB

Ho na le litsela tse peli tsa sehlooho tsa ho beha likarolo holim’a PCB:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. E boetse e tsejoa e le DIP kapa tse peli tse inline line ea ho paka mochini. (Bona SMT e ntse e tsoela pele ka video ena)

SMT (technology mounting technology) ke eona mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo ho hlahiseng bongata. E etsoa ka mechini e potlakileng, e nepahetseng ea SMT e bolokang nako, chelete le ho qoba liphoso tsa batho.

Lintho tseo u lokelang ho li hopola:

Nomoro ea mofuta oa hau ea motsoako ha ea lokela ho feta palo ea li-reels tseo mochini oa SMT oa moetsi a ka li tšehetsang.

Lokisa le ho kopanya likarolo tsa hau e le hore ho sebetse SMT e le ‘ngoe feela.

Lekola boholo ba sebaka sa maoto sa maoto. Ho seng joalo, mochini oa SMT o ke ke oa kenya likarolo ka nepo.

Likarolo tse ling tse kholo ha li khone ho kengoa ka mochini ebe li ntse li hloka mosebetsi oa matsoho ho phunya lesoba. Ka hona, mahlale ana ka bobeli a ka sebelisoa board e le ‘ngoe.

Lisebelisoa life kapa life tseo u hlokang ho li kenya ka letsoho ka mokhoa oa lesoba ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso.

Phallo ea phallo

Ho rekisa ka Reflow ke mokhoa oa ho etsa likaroloana “ho khomarela” ho PCB. PCBA e futhumatsa boto ea potoloho ka sebopi sa leseli kapa lebone la infrared ho fihlela solder e qhibiliha, ka hona e hokela karolo eo ka ho sa feleng boto ea potoloho.

Karolo e qhekellang mona ha se ho chesa kapa ho senya likarolo, hobane litšobotsi tse futhumetseng tsa sephutheloana ka seng li fapane. Moetsi ea tšepahalang oa PCBA o tla ikarabella bakeng sa ts’ebetso ena, ‘me sohle seo u hlokang ho se etsa ke ho ba fa lintlha tsa likarolo.

Ts’ebetso ea Reflux.

Mekhoa e meng ea ho tjheseletsa:

Soldering ea leqhubu e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa likarolo tse kenyellelitsoeng ka letsoho ka mokhoa oa lesoba. Tabeng ena, PCBA ea hau e tla qala ho tsamaea ka sebōpi sa ho tjheseletsa, ebe ka letsoho o kenya likarolo tse ling kamora hore e fete ka mochini oa soldering.

Tšepe tjheseletsa ka sebelisoa bakeng sa maemo a itseng, empa eseng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea boima.

Tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea boleng

Mohato ona, lisampole tsa PCBA li lekoa ho netefatsa boleng. Liphoso tse tloaelehileng ke tsena: lipotoloho tse khutšoane ka likarolo tse sa sebetsoang, likarolo tse fosahetseng le likarolo tsa potoloho tse sa lokelang ho hokahanngoa. Liteko tse atileng haholo:

ICT (Ho etsa liteko tsa inthaneteng). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. Mochini oa ICT o tla sebelisa lintlha tsena tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa liteko tse bulehileng / tse khuts’oane tsa potoloho le ho lekola hore na boleng ba likarolo tse seng bonolo (li-resistor, li-inductors, li-capacitor) li kahara lethathamo la litlhaloso.

AOI (jarolla ka ho iketsa tlhahlobo Optical). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. Bakeng sa teko ena, moqapi oa lisebelisoa o tla hloka ho fana ka litlhaloso le mamello ho moetsi ho beha mekhahlelo.

X ray. Moetsi oa PCBA o tla sebelisa X-ray ho lekola maemo a ho tjheseletsa likarolo tsa BGA (ball Grid Array). Shebella tlhahlobo ea X-ray ka video ena.