Kuchokera pamakina oyeserera pamatumba a mkate kuti tipeze tokha bolodi losindikizidwa (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. There’s a lot to learn about this process, so let’s get started. PCB design is carried out in an electrical engineering (EE) process. EE imapanga “ubongo” momwe zida zimagwirira ntchito. Without electronics, you’re left with little more than a pile of metal and plastic.

Zomwe muyenera kudziwa musanayambe kapangidwe ka PCB: 1. Kukula kwa PCB – izi zimatengera kukula kwa malonda anu (kapena kukula kwamilandu). Makulidwe azinthu amafotokozedweratu pakapangidwe kamakina opanga zamagetsi. Mutha kuwona kanema za izi apa. 2. Magawo a PCB – Kuchulukanso kwa zigawo, kumakhala kovuta kupanga kwa PCB. (Dziwani: Ngakhale PCB yosanjikiza imodzi imatha kukhala PCB yovuta, koma apa tikulankhula za zovuta zopanga PCB. Magawo omwe PCB imakhala nayo, ndiyokwera mtengo kupanga.)

Layer 2 is usually used for simple toy products

Zogulitsa zokhudzana ndi Iot nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zigawo 4

Typically used for floors 6 to 8 of a smartphone or smartwatch.

3. Your PCB manufacturer’s requirements. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

Zambiri zomwe muyenera kupereka kwa opanga a PCB:

Number of layers (e.g. 2, 4, 6, etc.)

Zipangizo (FR-2 (phenolic pepala thonje), FR-3 (pepala ya thonje ndi epoxy), FR-4 (fiber fiber ndi epoxy … Etc.)

Thickness (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Etc.)

Color (red, black, green… Etc.)

Chithandizo cham’mwamba (ENIG (mankhwala amadzimadzi / kumiza golide), DIG (kumiza kwa golide mwachindunji), OSP (zotetezera zachilengedwe, etc.)

Mkuwa (1 oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 microns)… Etc.)

Fayilo ya Gerber

PCB design process:

Mapangidwe ozungulira

For this step, you need to create the schematic. This is a document, like a blueprint, that describes how components relate to each other and work together. Kuti mupange fayilo yoyeserera, mufunika chida chamapulogalamu. Timakonda Quadcept chifukwa imakonzedweratu popanga PCBS popanga (mwachitsanzo, mutha kutumiza kunja kwa Bill of Material (BoM) molunjika kuchokera ku chida) ndipo ndi yochokera mumtambo, kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito kulikonse. (They also offer a free community version of the tool for manufacturers and students.)

Pali zina zambiri zomwe mungasankhe:

Altium

Onetsani ExpressPCB

Pafupipafupi chipangizo

KiCad

Cadence allegro

Mat

Mapangidwe othandizira makompyuta

Diploma

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. Fayilo yachitsanzoyo ikuthandizani kujambula. Chigawochi chimapezeka munsanjayi mukamakopera mtunduwo pa pulogalamuyo. Then, all you have to do is follow the data manual and connect the wire to each pin in the component. (Chidziwitso: tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe kake kamadalira pulogalamu yamapulogalamu yomwe yasankhidwa).

Each schematic symbol needs to have an associated PCB space area to define the physical dimensions of the component and the location of the through holes on the brazing pad or PCB. Mukadakhala kuti mwasankha zigawo zikuluzikulu (kapena tsopano mukuzisankha), ndipo tikulongosola izi muvidiyo ya EE Design Process (onani kanema).

Chithunzi chachitsanzo

A good schematic is really important, as it will be used as a reference document during debugging and is a good communication tool with other engineers. Kuphatikiza apo, wopanga amatha kuyesa chipangizocho kudzera m’malo oyesa omwe ali pachikalatachi.

PCB layout + Gerber file

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo, kapangidwe ka PCB kamapatsa zigawo zake zenizeni malo ake pa PCB ndikuwonetsa mayendedwe omwe amalumikiza chigawo chilichonse palimodzi pakati pa zigawo za PCB. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the more layers, the more complex the manufacturing required, and the higher the cost.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Then, be sure to group the components of each section into the same area. Mwanjira imeneyi, mutha kukhala ndizofupikitsa ndikuchepetsa phokoso ndi kusokonezedwa.

Wogwiritsa ntchito (UI) amafunikiranso kusungidwa pakupanga PCB. Zigawo monga ma jekete omvera, zolumikizira, ma led, ndi zina zambiri zimafunika kusintha kuti tikwaniritse bwino momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kamangidwe kameneka kamapangidwa, fayilo ya Gerber imapangidwa. Wopanga PCBA wanu adzagwiritsa ntchito fayiloyi. There are many companies that offer these services, and from HWTrek’s expert library we recommend Kingbrother, NexPCB, and HQPCB.

Sample Gerber files

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zida pa PCB ndikofunikira kwambiri. Some components can interfere with each other and cause unexpected behavior. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi ma module a Bluetooth ndi Wi-Fi, ali ndi bandwidth yofanana ya 2.4ghz ndipo amatha kusokonezana ngati atayikidwa molakwika.

PCB production

When you send the Gerber file to the PCB manufacturer, they can print the board. Uwu ukhala maziko opangira maziko owonjezerapo zigawo ku PCB ndikupanga PCBA (msonkhano wapa board).

Osasunthika PCBS

PCBA (Assembly)

Kukonzekera zakuthupi

Pakadali pano mu kapangidwe kanu ka EE, mukadakhala kuti mwasankha zigawo zake. You can ask the PCBA manufacturer to order the required components for you, or do it yourself if you choose a supplier. Zinthu zofunika kuzisamalira:

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. For some components, it can take up to 8-16 weeks.

Packaging: Order components from reels that are automatically picked up by SMT machines instead of packaging them individually.

Kuchuluka kwakanthawi kocheperako: Chongani kuchuluka kwakapangidwe kake. Ngati mumagula zocheperako zochepa, onetsetsani kuti zomwe mwasankha zilipo. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. Kuti mumve zambiri, chonde funsani upangiri kwa omwe akupanga.

Loss: Order 10% more to cover loss (not for expensive components)

Install components on the PCB

There are two main ways to place components on a PCB surface:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. Imadziwikanso kuti DIP kapena njira ziwiri zophatikizira mu mzere. (Onani SMT ikuchitika mu kanemayu)

SMT (ukadaulo wapamwamba wamapiri) ndiyo njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga misa. Zimachitika ndi makina achangu, olondola a SMT omwe amakupulumutsirani nthawi, ndalama komanso kupewa zolakwika za anthu.

Zinthu zoti muzikumbukira:

Nambala yamtundu wanu siyenera kupitirira kuchuluka kwa ma reel omwe makina opanga a SMT amatha kuthandizira.

Konzani bwino ndikuphatikiza zida zanu kuti SMT imodzi ichite.

Chongani wopanga amapereka zotsalira pamapazi. Kupanda kutero, makina a SMT sangakhazikitse zinthu molondola.

Zina mwazinthu zikuluzikulu sizingayikidwe ndi makina ndipo zikufunikiranso ntchito yopyola mabowo. Chifukwa chake, matekinoloje onsewa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa bolodi limodzi.

Zida zilizonse zomwe muyenera kuwonjezera pamanja kudzera mu njira yoboola kuwonjezera pazopangira.

Reflow soldering

Reflow soldering ndi njira yopangira zigawo “kumamatira” ku PCB. PCBA imatenthetsa bolodi loyenda kudzera mu ng’anjo yoyatsira kapena nyali yama infrared mpaka solder itasungunuka, potero amalumikiza chigawochi mpaka bolodi.

Gawo lovuta kwambiri pano sikuti litenthe kapena kuwononga zigawozo, chifukwa matenthedwe a phukusi lililonse ndi osiyana. Wopanga PCBA wodalirika ndi amene adzayang’anire izi, ndipo zonse zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikuwapatsa mafotokozedwe apadera.

Njira ya Reflux.

Njira zina kuwotcherera:

Soldering yamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zowonjezera pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoboola. Pachifukwa ichi, PCBA yanu idzadutsa m’ng’anjo yowotcherera, ndiyeno yonjezerani zina mwazigawo zitatha kupyolera mu makina osungunula.

Kutsekemera kwachitsulo kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina, koma osati popanga zinthu zambiri.

Kuyesedwa ndi kuyezetsa kwabwino

Pakadali pano, zitsanzo za PCBA zimayesedwa kuti zitsimikizidwe. Zolakwitsa zodziwika ndi izi: ma circuits amafupikitsa muzinthu zosadulidwa, zopangidwa molakwika ndi magawo a dera omwe sayenera kulumikizidwa. Mayeso ofala kwambiri:

ICT (Kuyesa pa intaneti). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. Makina a ICT adzagwiritsa ntchito poyeserera kotseguka / kofupikitsa ndikuwunika ngati zoyeserera za omwe amangokhala (ma resistor, inductors, ma capacitors) ali mgulu lazinthuzo.

AOI (Makinawa kuwala kuyendera). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. Pachiyeso ichi, wopanga zida zake amafunika kupereka mawonekedwe ndi kulolerana kwa wopanga kuti apange magawo.

X ray. Wopanga PCBA adzagwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray kuti awone momwe zinthu zikuyendera pa BGA (ball Grid Array). Onani mayeso a X-ray mu kanemayu.