روٽي بورڊن تي پروٽوٽائپ سرڪٽ کان و ourي اسان جي پنھنجي ڊيزائين ڪرڻ تائين ڇپيل سرڪٽ بورڊ (PCBS), it was like getting off the training wheels. There’s a lot to learn about this process, so let’s get started. پي سي بي ڊيزائين ڪئي وئي آهي هڪ اليڪٽريڪل انجنيئرنگ (EE) جي عمل ۾. EE brainاھي ٿو ”دماغ“ ڪيئن ڊيوائسز ڪم ڪن ٿيون. Without electronics, you’re left with little more than a pile of metal and plastic.

Things to know before starting PCB design: 1. PCB size – this depends on your product size (or case size). پراڊڪٽ جي ماپ وضاحت ڪئي وئي آھي اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئرنگ ڊيزائين جي عمل دوران. توھان ڏسي سگھوٿا ان بابت ھڪڙي ويڊيو ھتي. 2. PCB تہه – و layersيڪ تہون ، و moreيڪ پيچيده پي سي بي جي ANاھڻ. (نوٽ: ا aا تائين هڪ واحد پرت پي سي بي هڪ پيچيده پي سي بي ٿي سگهي ٿو ، پر هتي اسان talkingالهائي رهيا آهيون پي سي بي complexاهڻ جي پيچيدگي بابت. و PCيڪ تہون پي سي بي وٽ آھن ، و moreيڪ مهانگو آھي اھو manufactureاھڻ لاءِ.)

Layer 2 is usually used for simple toy products

Iot سان لا productsاپيل شين ۾ عام طور تي 4 تہه ٿين ٿا

Typically used for floors 6 to 8 of a smartphone or smartwatch.

3. Your PCB manufacturer’s requirements. Be sure to read the guidelines for rhythm, trace size, power isolation, and file naming before you start designing.

معلومات توهان کي مهيا ڪرڻ جي ضرورت آهي PCB manufacturersاهيندڙن کي:

Number of layers (e.g. 2, 4, 6, etc.)

مواد (FR-2 (فينولڪ ڪوٽن پيپر) ، FR-3 (ڪپهه پيپر ۽ epoxy) ، FR-4 (گلاس فائبر ۽ epoxy … Etc.)

Thickness (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm… Etc.)

Color (red, black, green… Etc.)

مٿا treatmentري جو علاج (ENIG (ڪيميائي نڪيل/سون جو وسڪارو) ، DIG (س goldو سنئون وسرجن) ، OSP (نامياتي سولڊربل پرزرويٽوز ، وغيره)

Copper weight (1 oz (35 microns), 2 oz (70 microns), 0.5 oz (18 microns)… Etc.)

Gerber فائل

PCB design process:

سرڪٽ جو ڊزائن

For this step, you need to create the schematic. This is a document, like a blueprint, that describes how components relate to each other and work together. To create the schematic file, you will need a software tool. We like Quadcept because it is optimized for designing PCBS for manufacturing (for example, you can export a Bill of Material (BoM) directly from the tool) and is cloud-based, so it can be easily used anywhere. (They also offer a free community version of the tool for manufacturers and students.)

There are many other options you can choose from:

الٽيمي

ايڪسپريس پي سي بي

فريڪئنسي ڊيوائس

ڪيِڪيڊ

Cadence allegro

Matt

ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊيزائين

ڊِپ ٽريس

After you install the selected tools, you need to obtain the component specifications for each selected component. They can often be found on the supplier’s website. ماڊل فائل توھان جي مدد ڪندي اسڪيم drawاھڻ ۾. This component becomes available in the database when you upload the model to the software tool. Then, all you have to do is follow the data manual and connect the wire to each pin in the component. (نوٽ: ڊيزائين جي عمل جا تفصيل چونڊيل سافٽ ويئر ٽول تي منحصر ٿيندا).

Each schematic symbol needs to have an associated PCB space area to define the physical dimensions of the component and the location of the through holes on the brazing pad or PCB. You should have selected the components (or are now selecting them), and we describe this process in the EE Design Process video (see video).

Example diagram

A good schematic is really important, as it will be used as a reference document during debugging and is a good communication tool with other engineers. ان کان علاوه ، manufacturerاھيندڙ جانچ ڪري سگھي ٿو ڊوائس کي ٽيسٽ پوائنٽس ذريعي ھن دستاويز تي.

PCB layout + Gerber file

To design the PCB layout and create Gerber files, you can use the same software tools we mentioned in circuit design. هڪ اسڪيم جي برعڪس ، هڪ PCB لي آئوٽ تفويض ڪري ٿو حقيقي جزا PCB تي صحيح ج locationsهن تي ۽ ڏيکاري ٿو ٽريڪ جيڪي هر جزو کي پاڻ ۾ connectنين ٿا PCB ليئرز جي وچ ۾. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the more layers, the more complex the manufacturing required, and the higher the cost.

Divide the PCB into logical parts based on functions (e.g. power supply, audio output, etc.). Then, be sure to group the components of each section into the same area. هن طريقي سان ، توهان رکي سگهو ٿا conductive trace مختصر ۽ شور ۽ مداخلت کي گھٽ ڪريو.

يوزر انٽرفيس (UI) کي به ضرورت آھي ذهن ۾ رکڻ جي جڏھن پي سي بي designاھڻ. اجزاء جيئن آڊيو جيڪ ، ڪنيڪٽر ، ايل اي ڊي ، وغيره کي ايڊجسٽ ڪرڻ جي ضرورت آهي بهترين صارف تجربو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ.

Once the layout is designed, a Gerber file is generated. توھان جو PCBA manufacturerاھيندڙ ھن فائل کي استعمال ڪندو. There are many companies that offer these services, and from HWTrek’s expert library we recommend Kingbrother, NexPCB, and HQPCB.

Sample Gerber files

پي سي بي تي جزا ل Theائڻ تمام اھم آھي. Some components can interfere with each other and cause unexpected behavior. For example, if you have both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modules, they have the same 2.4ghz bandwidth and can interfere with each other if incorrectly placed.

PCB production

When you send the Gerber file to the PCB manufacturer, they can print the board. اھو بنياد ھوندو ا furtherتي و buildائڻ جو بنياد پي سي بي ۾ اجزاء شامل ڪرڻ ۽ پي سي بي اي printedاھڻ لاءِ (printedپيل سرڪٽ بورڊ اسيمبلي).

Unassembled PCBS

PCBA (Assembly)

مواد جي تياري

ھن ج Atھ تي توھان جي EE ڊيزائن ۾ ، توھان کي گھرجي چونڊيا اجزاء. You can ask the PCBA manufacturer to order the required components for you, or do it yourself if you choose a supplier. معاملن کي ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي:

Lead time: As these components come from different suppliers, keep the lead time in mind. For some components, it can take up to 8-16 weeks.

Packaging: Order components from reels that are automatically picked up by SMT machines instead of packaging them individually.

گھٽ ۾ گھٽ آرڊر مقدار: چيڪ ڪريو گھٽ ۾ گھٽ آرڊر جو جزو. جيڪڏھن توھان خريد ڪريو گھٽ ۾ گھٽ کان گھٽ ، پڪ ڪريو ته چونڊيل اجزاء اسٽاڪ ۾ آھن. For small batches (up to 50), you can order online from DigiKey or Mouser. و moreيڪ مقدار لاءِ ، مھرباني ڪري پنھنجي .اھيندڙ کان صلاح وو.

Loss: Order 10% more to cover loss (not for expensive components)

Install components on the PCB

There are two main ways to place components on a PCB surface:

Through-holes (through-holes) are manual methods of assembling assemblies with wires into holes on the surface of a PCB. It is also commonly known as DIP or dual in-line packaging process. (See SMT in progress in this video)

SMT (مٿا mountري تي چڙهڻ واري ٽيڪنالاجي) وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ طريقو آھي وڏي پيماني تي پيداوار ۾. It is done by fast, accurate SMT machines that save you time, money and avoid human error.

ياد رکڻ لاء شيون:

Your component type number must not exceed the number of reels that the manufacturer’s SMT machine can support.

Optimize and consolidate your components so that only one SMT runs.

Check manufacturer supported footprint pad sizes. Otherwise, the SMT machine will not install components correctly.

Some larger components cannot be installed by machine and still require manual through-hole work. Therefore, both technologies can be used on the same board.

Any components you need to manually add via the through-hole method add to the manufacturing cost.

Reflow soldering

ريفلو سولڊرنگ عمل آهي پي سي بي کي جزا ”اسٽڪ“ اهڻ جو. The PCBA heats the circuit board through a reflow furnace or an infrared lamp until the solder melts, thereby permanently attaching the component to the circuit board.

The trickiest part here is not to overheat or damage the components, because the thermal characteristics of each package are different. ھڪڙو قابل اعتماد PCBA manufacturerاھيندڙ ھن عمل جو ذميوار ھوندو ، ۽ توھان س allني کي اھو ڪرڻ جي ضرورت آھي ته انھن کي مهيا ڪريو جزوي وضاحتون.

ريفلڪس عمل.

welيا ويلڊنگ طريقا:

وايو سولڊرنگ خاص طور تي استعمال ڪئي و manي ٿي دستي طور شامل ٿيل حصن لاءِ ذريعي-سوراخ واري طريقي سان. ان صورت ۾ ، توھان جو PCBA پھريائين ريفلو ويلڊنگ فرنس ذريعي ويندو ، ۽ پوءِ دستي طور تي componentsيا حصا شامل ڪندو بعد ۾ اھو وھڻ واري سولڊرنگ مشين ذريعي ويندو.

آئرن ويلڊنگ استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿي مخصوص حالتن لاءِ ، پر نه وڏي پيماني تي پيداوار لاءِ.

جانچ ۽ معيار جي چڪاس

ھن قدم ۾ ، PCBA جا نمونا آزمايا ويا آھن معيار کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ. عام غلطيون ھيون: شارٽ سرڪٽس منقطع حصن ۾ ، غلط ترتيب ڏنل حصا ۽ سرڪٽ جا حصا جيڪي connectedنجڻ نه گھرجن. س common کان عام ٽيسٽ:

ICT (آن لائين ٽيسٽ). When designing a PCB, some test points are usually reserved for debugging, programming, and other purposes. ICT مشين استعمال ڪندي ان ٽيسٽ پوائنٽن کي اوپن/شارٽ سرڪٽ ٽيسٽ لاءِ ۽ چيڪ ڪريو ته غير فعال حصن (ريسورسز ، انڊيٽرز ، ڪيپسيٽرز) جا قدر آھن وضاحتن جي حد ۾.

AOI (خودڪار آپٽيڪل انسپيڪشن). Manufacturers use a “gold sample” (reference PCBA) to compare with other samples. ھن ٽيسٽ لاءِ ، ھارڊويئر orاھيندڙ کي ضرورت پوندي ته ationsاھيندڙ کي وضاحتون ۽ رواداريون مهيا ڪن پيرا ميٽر مقرر ڪرڻ لاءِ.

ايڪس ري. The PCBA manufacturer will use X-rays to check the welding conditions of the BGA (ball Grid Array) components. ڏسو ايڪس ري ٽيسٽ ھن ويڊيو ۾.