Sezvo mutakuri wezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana uye iyo hub yekutenderera chiratidzo chiratidzo, PCB chave chakakosha uye chakakosha chikamu chemagetsi zvigadzirwa zvigadzirwa, hunhu hwayo uye hwakavimbika danho rinogadza mhando uye kuvimbika kwemidziyo yese. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo uye zvikonzero zvehunyanzvi, kune akawanda matambudziko ekukundikana mukugadzirwa kwePBB nekushandisa.

Nezverudzi urwu dambudziko rekutadza, tinofanirwa kushandisa mamwe anowanzo shandiswa ekundikana ongororo matekinoro kuona mhando uye nekuvimbika danho rePBB mukugadzira. Iri bepa rinopfupikisa gumi kutadza kwekuongorora nzira dzekutarisa.

Mechanism uye kukonzera kuongororwa kwePCB kutadza

1. Kuongorora kunoonekwa

Chitarisiko kuongorora ndechekutarisa kuongorora kana kushandisa zvimwe zviridzwa zvirinyore, senge stereoscopic maikorosikopu, metallographic microscope kana kunyange kukudza girazi, kutarisa kuoneka kwePCB uye uwane izvo zvakakundikana zvikamu uye hwakakodzera humbowo hwepanyama. Basa guru nderekutsvaga kutadza uye kutanga kutonga kutadza kwemaitiro ePBB. Chitarisiko kuongorora kunonyanya kuongorora pcb kusvibiswa, ngura, iko kwepabhodhi kuputika, wedunhu wiring uye kujairika kwekutadza, kana iri batch kana yemunhu, kunyangwe iri kugara yakamisikidzwa mune imwe nharaunda, nezvimwe. Uye zvakare, kukundikana kwevakawanda PCBS kwakawanikwa mushure megungano rePCBA. Kunyangwe kukundikana kwakakonzerwa nekukanganiswa kweyakaitwa gungano uye zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mukuita izvi zvinoda zvakare kunyatsoongorora hunhu hwenzvimbo yekutadza.

2. X-ray fluoroscopy

Kune zvimwe zvikamu zvisingakwanise kuongororwa nechitarisiko, pamwe nemukati mePCB kuburikidza negomba uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvemukati, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa X-ray fluoroscopy system kutarisa. X-ray fluoroscopy system iko kushandiswa kweakasiyana masisitimu ehupamhi kana hwakasiyana hwehupfumi hwe X-ray hygroscopicity kana kutumira kwemaitiro akasiyana kune imaging. Iyi tekinoroji inoshandiswa kutarisa iko kuremara muPCBA solder majoini, kuburikidza nemakomba kuremara uye kukanganisa muBGA kana CSP zvishandiso zvine yakakwira density package. Parizvino, resolution yeindasitiri X-ray fluoroscopy michina inogona kusvika isingasviki imwe micron, uye iri kuchinja kubva pamiviri yekuenda kune matatu mativi ekufananidzira ekushandisa. Iko kune kunyange mashanu mativi (5D) michina inoshandiswa kupaka kuongorora, asi iyi 5D X-ray fluoroscopy system inodhura kwazvo, uye kashoma ine kushanda kunoshanda muindasitiri.

3. Chikamu chekuongorora

Slice ongororo ndiyo nzira yekuwana pcb muchinjikwa chikamu chimiro kuburikidza nesampling, waMosesi, slice, kupukuta, ngura, kucherechedza uye nhevedzano yenzira nematanho. Rakawanda ruzivo nezve microstructure yePBB (kuburikidza neburi, kupfeka, nezvimwewo) inogona kuwanikwa nekuongororwa kwechidimbu, icho chinopa hwaro hwakanaka hwekuvandudza kwemhando inotevera. Nekudaro, iyi nzira inoparadza, kana chidimbu chikaitwa, muenzaniso wacho unozoparadzwa; Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo nzira yekuenzanisira zvinodiwa yakakwira, nguva yekugadzirira yekuenzanisira iri zvakare yakareba, kudikanwa kwevashandi vehunyanzvi hwekudzidzira kuti vapedze. Zveruzivo rwakadzama rwekucheka, ndapota tarisa kune IPC zviyero IPC-TM-650 2.1.1 uye IPC-MS-810.

4. Kuongorora acoustic maikorosikopu

Parizvino, c-mode ultrasonic kushanda pakuvheneka acoustic maikorosikopu ainyanya kushandiswa zvemagetsi kavha kana gungano kuongorora. Inoshandisa iyo amplitude, chikamu uye polarity shanduko inogadzirwa nekuratidzira kweiyo yepamusoro-frequency ultrasound pane iyo isingagone interface yezvinhu zvekufananidzira, uye yayo scanning modhi ndeyekutarisa ruzivo mune XY ndege padhuze neZ-axis. Naizvozvo, kuongorora acoustic microscopy inogona kushandiswa kuona kukanganisa kwakasiyana, kusanganisira kutsemuka, delamination, inclusions, uye voids, muzvinhu, zvishandiso, uye PCB nePCBA. Kukanganisa kwemukati kwemajoini e solder kunogona zvakare kuoneswa kana kuwanda kweiyo scanning acoustics kwaringana. Yeyakangoita scanning acoustic mufananidzo muvara mutsvuku chenjedzo akati hurema huripo, nekuti hombe yakawanda yepurasitiki yekuisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muSMT maitiro, nekutungamira mukuita kweinotungamira-isina tekinoroji, huwandu hukuru hwehunyoro hunoratidzira hunyoro dambudziko. hunyoro hunyoro hwehupfu hwekuputira zvigadzirwa zvichave pane yakakwira tembiricha reflow lead-yemahara maitiro inoitika mukati kana substrate rukoko kutsemura chinoshamisa, Pasi tembiricha yakakwira yekutungamira-yemahara maitiro, yakajairika pcb inowanzo kuputika bhodhi chinoshamisa. Parizvino, iyo yekuongorora acoustic maikorosikopu inoratidza yayo yakanakira mukana mukuona kusinganetsi kwekuwonesa kwemazhinji-masenduru epamusoro-density PCB. Iyo yakajairika pachena kuputika ndiro inogona kuonekwa nekutariswa kwekutarisa.

5. Microinfrared kuongorora

Micro infrared ongororo ndeye infrared spectroscopy inosanganisirwa nemaikorosikopu yekuongorora nzira, inoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana (kunyanya organic chinhu) pachisungo cheiyo infrared spectrum Absorção ine nzira yakajeka, sekureba sekunge pasi penzvimbo yekuona, inogona kutsvaga kuongororwa kwe trace organic yakasvibisa. Mukushayikwa kwemaikorosikopu, infrared spectroscopy inowanzo ongorora chete makuru masampuli. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuronda kusvibiswa mune zvemagetsi maitiro kunogona kutungamira kune yakashata weldability yePBB pad kana lead pini. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti zvakaoma kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuita pasina inoenderana infrared spectrum ye microscope. Iko kushandiswa kukuru kweiyo microscopic infrared kuongororwa kuongorora iyo yakasvibisa yakasvibisa pane yakatsemuka pamusoro kana solder gwanza pamusoro, uye ongorora izvo zvikonzeresa kuita ngura kana kushomeka kusagadzikana.

6. Kuongorora electron microscopy kuongorora

Kuongorora elekitironi maikorosikopu (SEM) ndeimwe yeanonyanya kubatsira makuru-masikironi emasikirini emagetsi ekufungidzira ekundikana kuongorora. Simba rayo rinoshanda nderekuumba danda reelectron rine dhayamita yemakumi kusvika kuzviuru zveangstoms (A) nekutarisa danda re electron rakaburitswa mu cathode yakamhanyisa ne anode. Pasi pechiito chekutsauka kweiyo coil yekuvheneka, Danda remagetsi rinotarisa pamusoro penzvimbo poindi nenongedzo mune imwe nguva uye kurongeka kwenzvimbo. Iyo yakasimba-simba elektroni danda rinobhomora pamusoro peiyo sampuro uye inogadzira akasiyana ruzivo, ayo anogona kuunganidzwa nekukudziridzwa kuti uwane akasiyana anoenderana magirafu pane yekuratidzira skrini. Iwo anonakidza sekondari maerekitironi anogadzirwa mukati mehurefu hwe5 ~ 10nm pamusoro pemuenzaniso. Naizvozvo, maerekitironi echipiri anokwanisa kuratidza zvirinani mamiriro ezvemuenzaniso, saka anonyanya kushandiswa pakuongorora morphology. Iwo maerekitironi anofara akadzoserwa akagadzirwa muhuwandu hwe100 ~ 1000nm pamusoro pemuenzaniso, uye iwo anoburitsa hunhu hwakasiyana nemusiyano wenhamba yeatomu yechinhu. Naizvozvo, iyo yakadonhedzwa elektroni mufananidzo ine morphologic hunhu uye kugona kweatomu nhamba yekusarura, uye nekudaro, iyo yakadzoserwa mifananidzo yeelectron inogona kuratidza kugoverwa kwemakemikari zvinhu. Ikozvino kuongorora elektroni maikorosikopu kwave kwakasimba kwazvo, chero chimiro chakanakisa kana maficha epamusoro anogona kukwidziridzwa kumazana ezviuru enguva yekutarisa uye kuongorora.

MuPCB kana solder yemubatanidzwa kutadza kuongorora, SEM inonyanya kushandiswa kukundikana mashandiro ekuongorora, kunyanya, inoshandiswa kucherechedza chimiro chema morphology padhi, solder yemajoini metallographic chimiro, kuyerwa kwemakomputa esimbi, solderable kupfeka kuongorora uye tin inofanira kuongororwa uye kuyerwa. Yakasiyana neyemaziso microscope, iyo scanning electron microscope inogadzira mifananidzo yemagetsi, saka ine chete nhema uye chena mavara. Zvakare, muyenzaniso weiyo scanning electron microscope inodiwa kuitisa magetsi, uye isiri-kondakita uye chikamu chema semiconductor chinoda kusaswa negoridhe kana kabhoni, zvikasadaro mutero unoungana pamusoro peiyo sampuro uye kukanganisa muenzaniso wekutarisa . Uye zvakare, kudzika kwemunda weiyo scanning electron maikorosikopu mufananidzo wakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura iwo weiyo microscope, inova nzira yakakosha yekuongorora kwesimbi yesimbi, microscopic kutsemuka uye ndebvu dzeti.

7. X-ray simba chakarondedzera

Izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvekuongorora elektroni maikorosikopu inowanzo kuve neiyo X-ray simba spectrometer. Kana iro-simba remagetsi elektroni rarova pamusoro, izvo zvinhu zvemukati zvemagetsi maatomu ari kubhombwa kupukunyuka, maelectroniki ekunze kune yakaderera simba nhanho shanduko inokurudzira hunhu X ray, atomiki simba danho musiyano wezvakasiyana zvinhu kubva kwakasiyana hunhu X ray yakasiyana, saka, inogona kutumira sampuro yehunhu hweX-ray semakemikari ekuongorora. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviridzwa zvinoenderana zvinodaidzwa kuti spectrum dispersion spectrometer (WDS kwenguva pfupi) uye simba rekuparadzira simba (EDS pfupi) zvinoenderana nehunhu wavelength kana simba rehunhu reiyo X-ray chiratidzo chekuona. Kugadziriswa kweiyo spectrometer kwakakwira kupfuura kwesimba remagetsi, uye kumhanyisa kwekuongorora kwesimba remagetsi kuno mhanyisa kupfuura kwesimba remagetsi. Nekuda kwekumhanyisa uye yakaderera mutengo wemagetsi maseru, iyo SCANNING electron microscopy yakaiswa magetsi maseru.

Iine akasiyana scanning mode yemagetsi danda, simba remagetsi rinogona kuongorora poindi, mutsetse uye ndege yepasi, uye nekuwana ruzivo rwekuparadzirwa kwakasiyana kwezvinhu.Kuongorora kwepfungwa kunopa zvinhu zvese zvechirevo; Mutsara kuongorora Chimwe chinhu chekuongorora chinoitwa pane yakatarwa tambo nguva imwe neimwe, uye mutsara mugove wezvinhu zvese unowanikwa nekuwanda kuwongorora. Kuongorora kwepamusoro Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvese mune yakapihwa nzvimbo. Izvo zviyero zvemukati zvemukati iri avhareji yehurefu hwezviyero zvepamusoro.

Mukuwongorora kwePCB, simba rinoparadzira spectrometer rinonyanya kushandiswa kurongedza kuongororwa kwepad pamusoro, uye iyo yekutanga ongororo yezvinhu zvinosvibisa pamusoro pepad uye lead pini ine varombo solderability. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwekuongorora kwesimba remagetsi ekushandura simba kushoma, uye zvirimo zviri pasi pe0.1% hazviwanzo kuve nyore kuona. Iko kusanganiswa kwesimba masekondi uye SEM inogona kuwana ruzivo rwechimiro morphology uye kuumbwa panguva imwe chete, ndicho chikonzero nei zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya.

8. Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) kuongorora

Samples ne X ray irradiation, pamusoro penzvimbo yemukati yeganda maerekitironi eatomu ichapukunyuka kubva muhusungwa hweiyo nucleus uye yakasimba nzvimbo ichiumba, kuyera simba rayo reinetic iyo Ex, yemukati goko maerekitironi eatomu anogona kuwanikwa anosunga simba Eb, Eb zvakasiyana kubva kuzvinhu zvakasiyana uye erekitironi goko rakasiyana, ndiyo “zvigunwe” zvematanho ekuzivisa maatomu, kuumbwa kwetambo yekuratidzira ndiyo fotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS inogona kushandiswa kuhunhu uye kuwongorora kwehuwandu hwezvinhu pane isina kudzika nzvimbo (akati wandei maanomitha) emuenzaniso pamusoro. Uye zvakare, ruzivo nezve chemakemikari valence nyika yezvinhu inogona kuwanikwa kubva kumakemikari shanduko yesimba rinosunga. Iyo inogona kupa ruzivo rwechisungo pakati peiyo valence mamiriro epamusoro penzvimbo uye zvakapoteredzwa zvinhu. Chiitiko ichi danda iX-ray photon danda, saka kuputira sampuro yekuongorora kunogona kuitwa, pasina kukuvadza iyo yakaongororwa sampuro yekukurumidza yakawanda yezvinhu kuongorora; Multilayers inogona zvakare kuongororwa kwenguva refu neargon ion kubvisa (ona kesi iripazasi) nekunzwa kukuru kwazvo kupfuura simba remagetsi (EDS). XPS inonyanyoshandiswa mukuongorora kwePCB bemhapemha yemhando kuongorora, kusvibiswa ongororo uye oxidation degree ongororo, kuitira kuti uone yakadzika chikonzero chekusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana.

9. Kusiyanisa Kuongorora Calorim-etry

Maitiro ekuyera musiyano musimba rekuisa pakati pechinhu uye chinhu chinongedzo sekushanda kwetembiricha (kana nguva) pasi pechirongwa chakadzora tembiricha. DSC yakashongedzerwa nemapoka maviri emubhadharo wekupisa waya pasi peiyo sampuli nereferensi mudziyo, kana iwo muyenzaniso mune yekudziya maitiro nekuda kweye thermal mhedzisiro uye mareferenzi tembiricha mutsauko yazvino kuyerera kupinda muripo kudziyisa waya shanduko.

Musiyano wekupisa δ T unonyangarika, uye hukama pakati pemusiyano wesimba rinopisa remaviri anodzoreredzwa nemagetsi uye izvo zvinongedzo zvine tembiricha (kana nguva) zvakanyorwa. Zvinoenderana nehukama uhu, iyo physicochemical uye thermodynamic zvivakwa zvezvinhu zvinogona kuongororwa uye kuongororwa. DSC inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muPCB ongororo, asi inonyanya kushandiswa kuyera degree rekurapa dzakasiyana siyana zvinhu zvepa polymer zvinoshandiswa muPCB negirazi mamiriro ekushanduka tembiricha, aya ma parameter maviri anoona kuvimbika kwePCB mune inotevera maitiro.

10. Thermomechanical analyzer (TMA)

Thermal Mechanical Analysis inoshandiswa kuyera iyo deformation zvivakwa zveyakaomarara, zvinwiwa uye gels pasi peThermal kana Mechina masimba pasi peakarongwa tembiricha kudzora. Nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa dzemutoro dzinosanganisira kudzvanyirira, kupinza pini, kutambanudza, kukotama, nezvimwe. Kwayedza probe ine yakagadziriswa pane iyo cantilever danda uye helical tsigiro rutsigiro, kuburikidza nemota yeiyo yakaiswa mutoro, kana iyo specimen deformation ikaitika, kusiyanisa transformer kuti uone shanduko, uye pamwe nekugadziriswa kwedata, senge tembiricha, kushushikana uye kushushikana mushure izvo zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa pasi peanoregeredzwa mutoro deformation hukama netembiricha (kana nguva). Zvinoenderana nehukama pakati pekushanduka uye tembiricha (kana nguva), iyo physicochemical uye thermodynamic zvivakwa zvezvinhu zvinogona kuongororwa uye kuongororwa. TMA inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muPCB ongororo uye inonyanya kushandiswa kuyera maviri akakosha ma paramita ePBB: mitsara yekuwedzera yekuwedzera uye girazi tembiricha tembiricha. Pcb pamwe yakawandisa kuwedzera coefficient inowanzoita kuti kutsemuka kutadza metallized maburi pashure nomoto uye gungano.