Papa kaapuni paʻi nā pilikia a me nā hāʻina paʻakikī

Q: E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua e pili ana i nā mea pale pale maʻalahi, aia kekahi mau mea kūʻē i kū pono ka hana e like me kā mākou e manaʻo ai. He aha ka hopena i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻāpana o ka uea?
A: ʻOkoʻa ke kūlana. Maliʻa paha e kuhikuhi ana ʻoe i ka uea a i ʻole ka band conductive i kahi papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia e hana ma ke ʻano he uea. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā superconductors pāmahana wela, hana kekahi lōʻihi o ka uea metala ma ke ʻano he resistor resistence haʻahaʻa (a ʻo ia hoʻi kahi capacitor a inductor), a pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hopena o ke kaapuni.
2. Q: Ke kūpale ʻana o kahi uea keleawe pōkole loa i kahi kaapuni hōʻailona liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole pono he mea nui?
A: e noʻonoʻo i kahi ADC 16-bit me kahi impedance hoʻokomo o 5k ω. E kuhi ka laina hōʻailona i ka hoʻokomo o ADC me kahi papa kaapuni maʻamau i paʻi ʻia (0.038mm mānoanoa, 0.25mm ākea) me kahi kāʻei conductive o 10cm ka lōʻihi. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa ma kahi o 0.18 ω ma ke ana wela o ka lumi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 5K ω × 2 × 2-16 a hana i kahi hewa loaʻa o 2LSB i ke kekelē piha.
ʻO ke kuhihewa, hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia kēia pilikia inā, e like me ka mea ma mua, e hoʻonui ākea ka pāʻina conductive o ka papa kaapuni PRINTED. I nā kaapuni analog, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pāʻina ākea, akā makemake nā mea hoʻolālā PCB (a me nā mea hoʻolālā PCB) e hoʻohana i ka laulā liʻiliʻi e kōkua i ke kau ʻana o ka laina hōʻailona. I ka hopena, he mea nui e helu i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka band conductive a kālailai i kāna kuleana i nā pilikia āpau.
3. Q: Aia kekahi pilikia me ka capacitance o ka band conductive me ka laulā nui a me ka papa metala ma ka hope o ka papa kaapuni PRINTED?
A: He nīnau liʻiliʻi ia. ʻOiai capacitance mai ka conductive bana o ka PRINTED kaapuni papa mea nui (a hiki no ka haahaa-alapine, i hiki ke paka kiʻekiʻe-alapine parasit oscillations), pono e koho mua ʻia ia. Inā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ka pilikia kahi pāʻina conductive ākea e hoʻokumu ana i kahi capacitance nui. Inā kū nā pilikia, hiki i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka mokulele honua ke hemo e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka capacitance i ka honua.
Q: E waiho i kēia nīnau no kekahi manawa! He aha ka mokulele pae?
A: Inā pā keleawe ma ka ʻaoʻao holoʻokoʻa o kahi papa kaapuni PRINTED (a i ʻole ka interlayer holoʻokoʻa o ka multilayer pai kaapuni papa) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pae ʻana, no laila ʻo kēia ka mea a mākou e kapa ai he mokulele pae. E hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi uea lepo me ka pale liʻiliʻi a me ka inductance liʻiliʻi loa. Inā hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana i kahi mokulele honua, ʻaʻole hiki ke loli ʻia i ka walaʻau honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka papa mokulele ka hana o ka pale a me ke anuanu
Q: He paʻakikī ka mokulele pae i ʻōlelo ʻia ma aneʻi no nā mea hana, ʻeā?
A: Aia kekahi mau pilikia 20 mau makahiki i hala. I kēia lā, ma muli o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa, ke kūpale solder a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe nalu i nā papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia, ua lilo ka hana ʻana o ka mokulele pae i hana maʻamau o nā papa kaapuni paʻi.
Q: Ua ʻōlelo ʻoe he liʻiliʻi loa ka hiki ke hōʻike i kahi ʻōnaehana i ka walaʻau papa ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mokulele honua. He aha nā koena o ka pilikia walaʻau honua e hiki ʻole ke hoʻonā?
A: Ke kahua mokulele o kahi ʻōnaehana walaʻau i paʻa i ka honua kahi mokulele honua, akā ʻaʻole kūloko ke kūʻē ʻana a me ka inductance – inā lawa ka ikaika o nā kumuwaiwai kūwaho, e hoʻopili ia i nā hōʻailona kikoʻī. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia kēia pilikia ma ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana i nā papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia i ʻole e kahe kahe kiʻekiʻe i nā wahi e hoʻopili i ka voltage grounding o nā hōʻailona kikoʻī. I kekahi manawa hiki i kahi haki a i ʻole ʻūlū i ka mokulele honua ke hoʻohuli i kahi au paʻa nui mai ka wahi maʻalahi, akā hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mokulele honua ke hoʻohuli i ka hōʻailona i ka wahi maʻalahi, no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia kēlā ʻano me ka mālama.
Q: Pehea wau e ʻike ai i ka hāʻule uila i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka mokulele i hoʻokumu ʻia?
A: maʻamau hiki ke ana ʻia ke kulu uila, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke hana ʻia nā helu ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā mea i ka papa honua (ʻo 1 auneke keleawe ka pale o 045m ω / □) a me ka lōʻihi o ʻāpana conductive ma o kahi e holo ai kēia manawa, ʻoiai hiki ke paʻakikī i nā helu. Hiki ke ana ʻia nā uila i ka dc i ke alapine haʻahaʻa (50kHz) me nā mea hoʻonui e like me AMP02 a i ʻole AD620.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mea hoʻonui amplifier ma 1000 a pili i kahi oscilloscope me ka noʻonoʻo o 5mV / div. E hoʻolako ʻia paha ka mea hoʻonui mai kahi kumu mana like e like me ke kaapuni ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo, a mai kāna kumu mana ponoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka honua hoʻonui mai kona kumu mana, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka oscilloscope i ke kumu mana o ke kaapuni uila i hoʻohana ʻia.
Hiki ke ana ʻia ke kūpaʻa ma waena o nā helu ʻelua ma ka mokulele honua ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi probe i nā helu ʻelua. ʻO ka hui pū o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻonui a me ka ʻike oscilloscope e hiki ai i ke ana ʻana i hiki i 5μV / div. Noise mai ka mea hoʻonui e hoʻonui i ka laulā o ka piʻo nalu oscilloscope e pili ana i 3μV, akā hiki nō ke hoʻokō i kahi hoʻonā ma kahi o 1μV – lawa e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka walaʻau o ka honua a hiki i ka 80% hilinaʻi.
Q: He aha ka mea e hoʻomaopopo ai e pili ana i ka hana hōʻike ma luna?
A: E hoʻoulu ka ʻume mākenēki alternating i ka uila ma ke kēpau probe, i hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka hoʻopōkole ʻana i nā ʻimi i kekahi i kekahi (a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ala deflection i ke kūpaʻa honua) a me ka nānā ʻana i ka nalu oscilloscope. ʻO ka formform AC hawewe ke kumu o ka hoʻokomo Eia hou, pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ground amplifier i ka papa o ka ʻōnaehana. Inā pili kēia i ka amplifier ʻaʻohe ala hoʻihoʻi deflection a ʻaʻole holo ka mea hoʻonui. Pono nō hoʻi ka honua e hōʻoia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka papa hana i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia me ka kaʻana like o ke kaapuni ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo.
Q: Pehea e ana ai i ke kani o ka pae kiʻekiʻe pinepine?
A: He paʻakikī e ana i ka leo o ka honua me kahi mea hoʻonui pono i nā mea hoʻonui wideband, no laila kūpono nā hf a me nā VHF passive probes. Loaʻa iā ia he apo mika ferrit (ke anawaena o 6 ~ 8mm) me nā wili ʻelua o 6 ~ 10 huli i kēlā me kēia. E hana i kahi transformer hoʻokaʻawale alapine kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi ʻōwili i ka hoʻokomo o ka spectrum analyzer a me kekahi i ka ʻimi.
Ua like ka hana hoʻāʻo me ka hihia haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā hoʻohana ka mea kālailai spectrum i nā piʻo ʻano amplitude-frequency e hōʻike i ka walaʻau. ʻAʻole like me nā waiwai o ka manawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi i nā kumu walaʻau ma muli o kā lākou ʻano pinepine. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo o ka spectrum analyzer ma kahi o 60dB ma mua o ka oscilloscope broadband.
Q: Pehea e pili ana i ka inductance o kahi uea?
A: ʻAʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia ke inductance o nā alakaʻi a me nā pēʻa conductive PCB i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe. I mea e hoʻomaulia ai i ka inductance o kahi uea pololei a me kahi band conductive, hoʻolauna ʻia ʻelua mau hoʻokokoke ma aneʻi.
ʻO kahi laʻana, e hana ka hui conductive 1cm lōʻihi a me 0.25mm ākea i kahi inductance o 10nH.
Hoʻohui alakaʻi = 0.0002LLN2LR-0.75 μH
ʻO kahi laʻana, ka inductance o ka 1cm lōʻihi 0.5mm o waho uea anawaena 7.26nh (2R = 0.5mm, L = 1cm)
Hoʻohui band conductive = 0.0002LLN2LW + H + 0.2235W + HL + 0.5μH
ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka inductance o ka 1cm ākea 0.25mm i paʻi ʻia me ka band conductive band he 9.59nh (H = 0.038mm, W = 0.25mm, L = 1cm).
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka reactance inductive ma mua o ka florm parasite a me ka voltage i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia o ke kaapuni inductive cut. Pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻāpana loop no ka mea ua kaulike ka uila i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka wahi o ka loop. Maʻalahi kēia e hana ke wili ʻia nā paʻa uila.
I nā papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia, pono ke kokoke a alakaʻi i nā ala. Hoʻololi pinepine nā hoʻololi uila liʻiliʻi i ka hopena, e ʻike i ke kumuwaiwai A i hoʻopili ʻia i ka loop loop B.
ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka wahi o ka loop a hoʻonui ʻana paha i ka mamao ma waena o nā lou lou i nā puka lou e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ai i ka hopena. Hoʻemi pinepine ʻia ka wahi o ka loop i ka palena iki a hoʻonui ʻia ka mamao ma waena o nā lou lou. Pono ʻia ka pale pale Mākēneki i kekahi manawa, akā pipiʻi a prone i ka holo pono ʻole ʻana o ka mīkini, no laila e ʻalo iā ia.
11. Q: Ma Q&A no nā ʻenekini noi, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻole ʻia nā hana kūpono ʻole o nā kaapuni hoʻohui. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maʻalahi e like me nā resistors. E wehewehe i kahi kokoke o nā mea kūpono.
A: makemake wale wau i kahi mea pale e lilo i mea pono, akā ʻo ka paukū pōkole i ke kēpau o ka pale pale e hana pololei e like me kahi resistor maʻemaʻe. Aia pū ka resistor maoli i ka ʻāpana kūpale kiʻi – ka ʻāpana reactance. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea pale i kahi capacitance liʻiliʻi (ʻo ka maʻamau he 1 i ka 3pF) i kūlike me kā lākou kūpaʻa. ʻOiai kekahi o nā mea pale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, ʻo ke oki ʻana o ka lua helical i kā lākou mau ʻoniʻoni kūʻē he mea nui, ʻo kā lākou reactance reactance he ʻumi a haneli paha o nahen (nH). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana o ka ʻeha ʻeha ma mua o ka capacitive (ma ka liʻiliʻi ma nā alapine haʻahaʻa). Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hana ʻia nā pale pale ʻeha wili me nā wili, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau no nā resistors ʻeha wili e loaʻa nā inductances o kekahi microhm (μH) a i ʻole ʻumi mau microhm, a i ʻole nā ​​mea i kapa ʻia ʻo “non-inductive” resistors wili-ʻeha. (kahi o ka ʻāpana o nā ʻōwili e ʻeha ai ma ka uaki a me ka ʻāpana anticlockwise ʻē aʻe). Pēlā ka inductance i hana ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka ʻōwili e kāpae ai kekahi i kekahi) a he 1μH a ʻoi paha o ke koena inductance. No nā resistors uea-ʻeha kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 10k ω, nā capacitor i koe ma ka hapanui capacitive ma mua o inductive, a ʻo ka capacitance a i 10pF, kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka maʻamau lahilahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni a synthetic resistors. Pono e noʻonoʻo pono ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā kaapuni alapine kiʻekiʻe me nā resistors.
Q: Akā hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kaapuni āu e wehewehe ai no nā ana kikoʻī ma DC a i ʻole nā ​​alapine haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole pili nā stray inday a me nā capacitors stray i kēia mau noi, ʻeā?
A: ʻae. Ma muli o ka transistors (nā discrete a ma waena o nā puni i hoʻohui ʻia) he ākea ākea ka laula, hiki i nā oscillations ke hana i kekahi manawa i nā haneli a i mau tausani o nā band megahertz ke pau ke kaapuni me kahi ukana hoʻokomo. ʻO nā hana offset a me nā hoʻoponopono e pili ana i nā oscillations i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka pololei haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻa.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia nā oscillations ma ka oscilloscope a i ʻole no ka haʻahaʻa o ka bandwidth o ka oscilloscope i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka bandwīwī o nā oscillations alapine kiʻekiʻe e ana ʻia, a no ka mea ua lawa ka mana o ka ʻimi oscilloscope e hoʻokū ai i nā oscillations. ʻO ke ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻohana i kahi band ākea (alapine haʻahaʻa i 15GHz ma luna) e nānā i ka spectrum e nānā i ka ʻōnaehana no nā oscillations parasite. Pono e hana i kēia kaha ke hoʻololi ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokomo ma luna o ka pae holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, no ka mea ʻo nā oscillations parasite i kekahi manawa e kū i kahi pae liʻiliʻi loa o ka pae hoʻokomo.
Q: Aia kekahi mau nīnau e pili ana i nā mea pale?
A: ʻAʻole paʻa ke kūpaʻa o ka mea pale, akā ʻokoʻa me ka mahana. Hoʻololi ka pāluna pahana (TC) mai kekahi mau PPM / ° C (miliona i kēlā me kēia kekelē Celsius) a i kekahi mau tausani PPM / ° C. ʻO nā mea pale kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka ʻeha o ka uea a i ʻole nā ​​pale pale kiʻi metala, a ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa ʻo nā mea pale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kalapona.
Hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia nā mea hoʻopili wela nui (hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea pale + 3500ppm / ° C e uku no kT / Q i ka hoʻohālikelike diode ʻano like, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma Q&AS no nā ʻenekini noi). Akā i ke kūpaʻa ākea me ka mahana hiki ke lilo i kumu o ka hewa i nā kaapuni kikoʻī.
Inā pili ka pololei o ke kaapuni i ka pāʻani o nā mea pale ʻelua me nā coefficients wela like ʻole, a laila no ka mea i kūlike i hoʻokahi mehana, ʻaʻole ia e kūlike i kekahi. ʻOiai inā kūlike nā pāluna pāmahana o nā mea pale ʻelua, ʻaʻohe mea hōʻoia e noho lākou i ka mahana like. ʻO ka wela pilikino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mana o loko a i ʻole ka wela kūwaho i lawe ʻia mai kahi kumu wela i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hiki ke hana i nā mismatches wela, i hopena i ka pale. ʻOiai ʻo nā pale uea kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​mea pale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hiki ke loaʻa i nā mismatches wela o nā haneli (a i ʻole he mau kaukani) PPM / ℃. ʻO ka hopena maopopo e hoʻohana i nā mea pale ʻelua i kūkulu ʻia i pili loa lāua i ka matrix hoʻokahi, i kūlike ka pololei o ka ʻōnaehana i nā manawa āpau. Hiki i ka substrate ke lilo i mau wafer silikone e hoʻohālikelike i nā kaapuni hoʻohui pololei, nā pale aniani a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Nānā ʻole o ka substrate, kūlike nā resistors ʻelua i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, loaʻa nā coefficients o ke ana wela, a aneane like ka mahana (no ka mea pili loa lākou).