Pehea e nānā ai i ka pōʻai pōkole i PCB i ka manawa o ka hoʻolālā PCB, hiki iā ʻoe ke lawe i kēia mau hana nui e nānā i ke kaapuni pōkole ma PCB: 1. 2. Holo kaapuni hōʻike pōkole ma ka papa kaapuni; 3. E ʻike i nā ʻāpana hewa ma PCB; 4. Hōʻoia i ka PCB destructively.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: Pehea e loaʻa ai ka pōʻai pōkole ma PCB

Nānā ʻike maka i ka

ʻO ka hana mua e nānā pono i ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa o ka PCB. Inā pēlā, e hoʻohana i kahi aniani hoʻonui a i ʻole microscope mana haʻahaʻa. E nānā i nā kohola tin ma waena o nā pads a i ʻole nā ​​hono solder. ʻO nā māwae a i ʻole nā ​​kiko i loko o ka solder e pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia. E hōʻoia i nā puka āpau. Inā ʻaʻole i huki ʻia i loko o nā puka i kuhikuhi ʻia, e ʻike ʻo ka hihia kēia ma ka papa. Hiki i nā puka maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia i waena o nā papa a hana i nā mea āpau āu i hoʻokumu ʻia, VCC a i ʻole nā ​​kaula ʻelua. Inā maikaʻi ʻole ke kaapuni pōkole a hiki i kahi e piʻi ai i kahi mahana koʻikoʻi, ʻike maoli ʻoe i nā kiko kuni ma ka papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia. Liʻiliʻi paha lākou, akā huluhulu i kahi o ka flux ʻōmaʻomaʻo maʻamau. Inā he nui kāu mau papa, hiki i kahi PCB i puhi ʻia ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hōʻemi i kahi wahi me ka ʻole o ka mana i kahi papa ʻē aʻe, i ʻole e mōhai i ka pae o ka ʻimi. Minamina, ʻaʻohe mau ʻā ma kā mākou papa kaapuni iho, e nānā pono ana i nā manamana lima ʻike ʻole inā wela loa ke kaapuni INTEGRATED. E hana kekahi mau kaapuni pōkole i loko o ka papa a ʻaʻole e hoʻoulu i nā kiko kuni. ʻO ia hoʻi ʻaʻole lākou e ʻumeʻume i ka nānā ma ka papa o luna. I kēia manawa, pono ʻoe i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e ʻike i nā pōʻai pōkole i ka PCB.

Kiʻi infrared

Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi inferared thermal imager hiki ke kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻimi i nā wahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka wela. Inā ʻike ʻole ʻia ka mea hana i ka neʻe ʻana mai kahi wela, hiki i kahi pōkole pōkole PCB ke kū ʻia ma waena o nā papa o loko. ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā kaapuni pōkole ma mua o ka hoʻopili pono ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​hono solder no ka mea ʻaʻohe ona pōmaikaʻi o ka optimization i ka hoʻolālā (inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e makemake maoli e nānā ʻole i ka nānā ʻana i nā lula). ʻO kēia kūpaʻa, a me ke kū kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kūlohelohe i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pili pololei ma waena o ka mana a me ka lepo, ʻo ia hoʻi ke hoʻomehana ka mea alakaʻi i kahi pōkole pōkole PCB. E hoʻomaka me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana. Ma ke kūpono, ʻike ʻoe i kahi kaapuni pōkole ma mua o kou hana hou ʻana i nā mea i hōʻino ʻia.

ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo manamana kahi ala e nānā ai inā e wela ana kekahi mea

Pani 2: Pehea wau e hoʻāʻo ai no nā kaapuni pōkole ma ka papa uila

Ma waho aʻe o ka hana mua o ka nānā ʻana i ka papa me ka maka hilinaʻi, aia kekahi mau ala ʻē aʻe i hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā no nā kumu kūpono o nā pōkole pōkole PCB.

Hōʻike me ka multimeter uila

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka papa kaapuni no ka pōkole ʻana, e nānā i ke kūpaʻa ma waena o nā kiko ʻokoʻa i ke kaapuni. Inā hōʻike ʻole ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka wahi a i ʻole ke kumu o ke kaapuni pōkole, e hopu i ka multimeter a hoʻāʻo e haki i kahi o ke kino ma ka papa kaapuni i paʻi ʻia. Ua loaʻa i ka multimeter hoʻokokoke nā loiloi hui ʻia i ka hapanui o nā kūkā uila uila, akā hiki i ka huli ʻana i nā kiko hōʻike ke kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i nā pilikia. Pono ʻoe i kahi multimeter maikaʻi loa me ka milliohm ʻike, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi inā loaʻa kahi hana buzzer e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā pōʻai pōkole. ʻO kahi laʻana, e ana ʻia ke kūʻē kiʻekiʻe inā ana ʻia ke kūʻē ma waena o nā kaula pili a i ʻole nā ​​pale ma kahi PCB. Inā ua ana ʻia ke kūpaʻa ma waena o ʻelua mau alakaʻi i kahi kaapuni kaʻawale he haʻahaʻa loa ia, e hoʻopili ʻia nā alakaʻi ʻelua i loko a i waho paha. Hoʻomaopopo i ʻelua mau kaula pili a pads paha i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi mea hoʻokomo (e laʻa me nā pūnaewele like impedance a i ʻole nā ​​huila kānana discrete) e hana i kahi heluhelu kūʻē haʻahaʻa no ka mea ʻo ka inductor he alakaʻi ʻōwili wale ia. Eia nō naʻe, inā mamao ka mamao o nā alakaʻi ma ka papa, a liʻiliʻi ke kūʻē ʻana āu e heluhelu ai, e loaʻa kahi alahaka ma kahi o ka papa.

Pili i ka hoʻāʻo honua

ʻO nā mea nui nā kaapuni pōkole e pili ana i nā lua lepo a i ʻole nā ​​papa honua. ʻO ka PCBS multi-layer me ka papa o loko e hoʻopili i kahi ala hoʻi i waena o ka ʻaha e kokoke ana i ka lua, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kūpono e nānā ai i nā lua a me nā pads ʻē aʻe o ka papa o ka papa. E hoʻokau i kahi hulina ma ka pili honua a hoʻopā i kahi ʻimi ʻē aʻe ma ka mea alakaʻi ʻē aʻe ma ka papa. E noho ka pilina honua like ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka papa, ʻo ia hoʻi inā e hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia probe me nā perhole honua ʻelua, e liʻiliʻi ka heluhelu ʻana. E akahele me kāu hoʻonohonoho i ka wā e hana ana i kēia, no ka mea ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e kuhihewa i kahi pōkole pōkole no ka pili honua maʻamau. E loaʻa i nā conductors hanau ʻole ʻē aʻe ʻole i kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa ma waena o ka pilina o ka honua a me ka conductor iho. Inā haʻahaʻa nā kumukūʻai i heluhelu ʻia a ʻaʻohe inductance ma waena o ka mea alakaʻi i nīnau ʻia a me ka honua, nā ʻino a me nā pōkole pōkole ke kumu.

Hiki i nā hulina Multimeter ke kōkua iā ʻoe e loaʻa i nā ala pōkole, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka maʻalahi i nā manawa āpau e ʻike i nā ala pōkole.

Nā ʻāpana pōkole pōkole

E nānā inā he pōkole ke kaʻa uila, e hoʻohana i ka multimeter e ana i ke kūpaʻa.Inā hōʻike ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike i ka solder a i ʻole ka mea hao ma waena o nā pads, aia paha he kaapuni pōkole i ka papa o loko ma waena o ʻelua pad / pin ma ka ʻaha. Hiki paha i nā kaapuni pōkole ma waena o nā pads / pin ma nā hālāwai no ka hana maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kumu e nānā pono ai ka PCB no DFM a me nā lula hoʻolālā. ʻO nā pads a me nā lua e pili kokoke ana hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a pōkole paha i ka wā o ka hana ʻana. Maʻaneʻi, pono ʻoe e ana i ka pale ʻana ma waena o nā kui ma ka IC a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopili. Kūpono nui nā pin pili pono i ka pōkole pōkole, akā ʻaʻole kēia wale nō nā wahi e hiki ai ke kaʻi pōkole. E hōʻoia i ke kūpaʻa ma waena o nā pads / pin e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi a me ka pilina haʻahaʻa he haʻahaʻa kūpaʻa.

E hōʻoia i ke kūpaʻa ma waena o ka noho honua, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mākia ʻē aʻe ma ka IC. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopili USB ma aneʻi.

Kahi ākea

Inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo aia kahi kaapuni pōkole ma waena o nā alakaʻi ʻelua a i ʻole ma waena o kahi mea alakaʻi a me ka honua, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi i kahi ma ka nānā ʻana i nā alakaʻi kokoke. E hoʻohui i kekahi kēpau o ka multimeter i kahi pili i ke kuhi pōkole, neʻe i kahi alakaʻi ʻē aʻe i kahi pilina pae honua ʻē aʻe kokoke, a nānā i ke kūʻē. Ke neʻe aku ʻoe i kahi mamao loa i ka pae honua, ʻike ʻoe i kahi loli o ke kūʻē. Inā piʻi aʻe ke kūʻē, ke neʻe nei ʻoe i ka uea lepo mai kahi kaʻapuni pōkole. Kōkua kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kahi kikoʻī o ke kaapuni pōkole, a hiki i kahi paʻa o nā pad / pin ma kahi o ka mea.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: Pehea wau e ʻike ai i nā ʻāpana hewa ma ka PCB

Hiki i nā ʻāpana hewa a i ʻole nā ​​pono i kau pono ʻole ʻia ke kumu i kahi kaapuni pōkole, a he mea ia e nui ai nā pilikia ma ka papa. He hemahema a palu paha kāu mau mea, e hoʻoulu ai i nā pōkole pōkole a i ʻole nā ​​kaapuni pōkole.

Huina ʻino

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau mea i ka deterioration, e like me nā capacitor electrolytic. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mea kānalua, e nānā mua i kēlā mau ʻāpana. Inā kānalua, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana pinepine i ka huli ʻana o Google no nā ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia he “ʻole” e ʻike inā he pilikia maʻamau kēia. Inā ʻoe e ana i ka pale haʻahaʻa loa ma waena o ʻelua pads / pin (ʻaʻohe o ka lepo a me nā pine mana), hiki paha iā ʻoe ke pōkole ma muli o nā mea i puhi ʻia i ke ahi. He hōʻailona maopopo kēia ua haki ka capacitor. Hoʻonui pū ka capacitor i ka manawa e deteriorates a i ʻole ka uila i noi ʻia i ʻoi aku i ka paepae breakdown.

ʻIke i ka puʻu ma luna o kēia capacitor? Hōʻike kēia i ka hōʻino ʻia o ka capacitor.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 4: Pehea wau e hoʻoweliweli ai i kahi PCB

ʻIke maopopo loa he hopena hope loa ia. Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi kiʻi kiʻi X-ray, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i loko o ka papa kaapuni me ka hōʻino ʻole iā ia. I ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi polokalamu X-ray, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka i ka hemo ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻāʻo hou ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua multimeter. Kōkua kēia i nā ala ʻelua. ʻO ka mea mua, hāʻawi maʻalahi iā ʻoe i ke komo ʻana i nā pad (me nā pale mahana) i hiki i ke kaapuni pōkole. ʻO ka lua, hoʻopau ia i ka hiki i kahi hewa ke kumu i kahi pōkole pōkole, e ʻae iā ʻoe e kau i ka mea alakaʻi. Inā hoʻāʻo ʻoe e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i kahi e pili ai ke kaapuni pōkole ma ka mea (e laʻa me, ma waena o ʻelua pad), ʻaʻole maopopo leʻa inā he hemahema ke ʻano a i ʻole loaʻa ke kaapuni pokole ma kahi o ka papa. I kēia manawa, pono ʻoe e hemo i ka ʻaha a nānā i nā pads ma ka papa. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaha e ʻae iā ʻoe e hōʻoia inā hemahema paha ka ʻaha a i ʻole nā ​​pale ma luna o ka papa e hoʻopili ʻia i loko.

Inā mau ka paʻakikī o kahi o ke kaapuni pōkole (a i ʻole he mau pōkole pōkole paha), ʻoki i ka papa a hoʻāʻo e hoʻoliʻiliʻi. Inā he manaʻo paha kāu no kahi kaapuni pōkole ma ka laulā, ʻoki i kahi ʻāpana o ka papa a hana hou i ka hoʻokolohua multimeter ma kēlā ʻāpana. I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana hou i nā hoʻokolohua ma luna me ka multimeter e nānā ai no nā pōkole pōkole ma nā wahi kikoʻī. Inā ua hōʻea ʻoe i kēia kiko, ua paʻakikī loa kāu pōkole. ʻAe kēia e ʻae iā ʻoe e hōʻemi i ke kaapuni pōkole i kahi kikoʻī o ka papa.