Ipcb ( ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo Ukubamba iintambo kudlala indima ephambili kwiisekethi ezinesantya esiphezulu. Eli phepha lixoxa ikakhulu ngengxaki yeentambo zeesekethe ezinesantya esiphezulu ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga. Eyona njongo iphambili kukunceda abasebenzisi abatsha ukuba babenolwazi ngemicimbi eyahlukeneyo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kuyilwa iingcingo zePCB zokujikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu. Enye injongo kukubonelela ngezinto ezihlaziyiweyo kubathengi abangakhange bavezwe i-PCB ye-wiring ixesha elithile. Ngenxa yesithuba esilinganiselweyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ugubungele yonke imiba ngokweenkcukacha kweli nqaku, kodwa siza kuthetha ngamacandelo aphambili anefuthe elikhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwesekethe, ukunciphisa ixesha loyilo, kunye nokugcina ixesha lokulungisa.

Uyila njani i-PCB ngokwembono ebonakalayo

Nangona kugxilwe apha kwiisekethe ezinxulumene nesantya esiphezulu sokusebenza kwesikhulisi, iingxaki kunye neendlela ekuxoxwa ngazo apha ngokubanzi zisebenza kwintambo yezinye iisekethi ezinesantya esiphezulu. Xa ii-amplifiers zisebenza kwiibhendi zerediyo ephezulu kakhulu (RF), ukusebenza kwesekethe ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kwintambo ye-PCB. Okujongeka njengokuyilwa kwesekethe elungileyo yokusebenza okuphezulu “kwibhodi yokuzoba” kunokuphelela ekusebenzeni ngokungathethekiyo ukuba inengxaki yeentambo ezi-sloppy. Ukuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-wiring kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesekethe oyifunayo.

Umzobo obonakalayo

Nangona i-schematics elungileyo ayiqinisekisi ukuba neentambo ezifanelekileyo, ii-wiring ezilungileyo ziqala ngesikimu esilungileyo. Umzobo wesikimu kufuneka uzotywe ngononophelo kwaye kufuneka ujonge umqondiso wesekethe yonke. Ukuba unesiqhelo, ukuhamba komqondiso okuzinzileyo ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene kwisikimu, kuya kufuneka ube nokuhamba kakuhle komqondiso kwi-PCB. Nika ulwazi oluncedo kangangoko kwisikimu. Kuba ngamanye amaxesha injineli yoyilo yesekethe ayifumaneki, umthengi uya kusicela ukuba sincede ukusombulula ingxaki yesekethe. Abaqulunqi, amagcisa kunye neenjineli ezenza lo msebenzi ziya kuba nombulelo omkhulu, kubandakanya nathi.

Ngaphandle kwezikhombi eziqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokunyamezelana kwempazamo, loluphi olunye ulwazi ekufuneka lunikezwe kwiskim? Nazi ezinye zeengcebiso zokuguqula iskimu esiqhelekileyo sibe sisikimu sokuqala. Yongeza ifomathi, ulwazi loomatshini malunga neqokobhe, ubude bomgca obushicilelweyo, indawo engenanto; Bonisa ukuba zeziphi izinto ekufuneka zibekwe kwi-PCB; Nika ulwazi ngohlengahlengiso, uluhlu lwexabiso lecandelo, ulwazi lokusasaza ubushushu, ulawulo lwe-impedance eshicilelweyo imigca, amanqaku, inkcazo yesenzo sesekethe esifutshane… (phakathi kwabanye).

Ungathembi mntu

Ukuba awuyiyili i-wiring yakho, qiniseka ukuba uvumela ixesha elininzi lokujonga kwakhona uyilo lwe-cabler. Uthintelo oluncinci lunexabiso lekhulu apha. Ungalindeli ukuba umntu ohamba ngeklabhu angayiqonda into oyicingayo. Igalelo lakho kunye nesikhokelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yoyilo lweentambo. Ulwazi oluthe kratya onokubonelela ngalo kwaye ngakumbi ukubandakanyeka kwakho kwinkqubo ye-wiring, kokukhona i-PCB iya kuba ngcono ngenxa yoko. Cwangcisa indawo yokugqibezela iinjineli zoyilo- itshekhi ekhawulezayo yengxelo yenkqubela phambili oyifunayo. Le ndlela “ivaliweyo ivaliweyo” ithintela iintambo ekuphambukeni kwaye ke kunciphisa ukubakho kokuphinda kwenziwe.

Imiyalelo kwiinjineli zewiring zibandakanya: inkcazo emfutshane yemisebenzi yesekethe, imizobo yePCB ebonisa igalelo kunye nezikhundla zokukhupha, ulwazi lokucofa i-PCB (umz. , umhlaba, ii-analog, imiqondiso yedijithali kunye ne-RF); Iingqimba zifuna loo miqondiso; Ifuna ukubekwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo; Indawo kanye yendawo yokudlula; Yeyiphi imigca eprintiweyo ebalulekileyo; Yeyiphi imigca ekufuneka ilawule impedance imigca eprintiweyo; Yeyiphi imigca efuna ukuthelekisa ubude; Ubungakanani bezinto; Yeyiphi imigca eprintiweyo ekufuneka ikude (okanye ikufutshane) komnye nomnye; Yeyiphi imigca ekufuneka ikude (okanye ikufutshane) komnye nomnye; Ngawaphi amacandelo ekufuneka ebekwe kude (okanye kufutshane) omnye komnye; Ngawaphi amacandelo kufuneka ibekwe phezulu kwaye ezantsi kwi-PCB? Ungaze ukhalaze malunga nokunika umntu ulwazi oluninzi kakhulu – lincinci kakhulu? Ngaba; Kaninzi? Hayi akunjalo.

Isifundo esinye sokufunda: Malunga neminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo, ndiyile indawo eyahlukeneyo yebhodi yesekethe yebhodi yesekethe- ibhodi inamacandelo macala omabini. Amacwecwe afakwe kwiqokobhe lealuminiyam egalelwe igolide (ngenxa yokubalulwa ngokungqongqo kokuthintelwa). Izikhonkwane ezibonelela ngokutya okondlayo kudlula kwibhodi. Iphini iqhagamshelwe kwi-PCB ngocingo lwe-welding. Isixhobo esinzima kakhulu. Ezinye zezinto ebhodini zisetyenziselwa ukuseta uvavanyo (SAT). But I’ve defined exactly where these components are. Ngaba unokuqikelela ukuba zifakwe phi ezi zinto? Ngaphantsi kwebhodi, ngendlela. Iinjineli zemveliso kunye nabachwephesha abonwabanga xa kufuneka beyithathile yonke loo nto bayibeke kunye emva kokuba begqibile ukuyimisa. Andizange ndiyenze loo mpazamo ukusukela ngoko.

indawo

Njengakwi-PCB, indawo yonke into ikho. Apho isekethe ibekwe khona kwi-PCB, apho kufakwa khona izinto ezithile zesekethe, kwaye zeziphi ezinye iisekethe ezikufutshane nayo zonke zibaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokwesiqhelo, igalelo, ukuphuma kunye nezikhundla zonikezelo lwamandla zimiselwe kwangaphambili, kodwa isekethe phakathi kwabo ifuna ukuba “nobuchule”. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuthathela ingqalelo iinkcukacha zentambo kunokuhlawula izabelo ezinkulu. Qala ngendawo yamacandelo aphambili, jonga isekethe kunye nePCB yonke. Ukucacisa indawo yezinto eziphambili kunye nendlela yeempawu kwasekuqaleni kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uyilo lusebenza njengoko bekucwangcisiwe. Ukufumana uyilo ngokufanelekileyo okokuqala kunciphisa iindleko kunye noxinzelelo- kwaye ke ngenxa yoko imijikelezo yophuhliso.

Dlula umbane

Ukuhamba kwicala lamandla esluli ukunciphisa isandi yinto ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoyilo lwe-PCB- zombini izikhulisi ezisebenza ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nezinye iisekethe ezinesantya esiphezulu. Zimbini iindlela zoqwalaselo oluqhelekileyo lokudlula kwisantya esiphakamileyo sokusebenza.

Ukucwangcisa amandla: Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi, usebenzisa ii-capacitors ezininzi ze-shunt ukucwangcisa ngokuthe ngqo izikhonkwane zamandla ze-op amp. Two shunt capacitors are generally sufficient – but adding shunt capacitors may be beneficial for some circuits.

Ukulingana kwee-capacitors ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo okusebenza kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izikhonkwane zokubonelela ngombane zibona kuphela i-impedance ye-AC esezantsi kwibhanti ebanzi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kumlinganiso wokukhatywa kwamandla okwehlisa amandla (PSR). I-capacitor inceda ukubuyekeza i-PSR encitshisiweyo yesandisi. Grounding paths that maintain low impedance over many tenx ranges will help ensure that harmful noise does not enter the operational amplifier. Umzobo 1 ubonisa izibonelelo zokusebenzisa izikhongozeli zombane ngaxeshanye. Kwiindawo eziphantsi, ii-capacitors ezinkulu zibonelela ngokufikelela kumhlaba ophantsi. Kodwa nje ukuba amaza ombane efikelela kwisandi sokuphinda-phinda, ii-capacitors ziye zingabi namandla kwaye zithathe ubukrelekrele obuninzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubalulekile ukuba ne-capacitors ezininzi: njengoko impendulo yokuhamba rhoqo kwe-capacitor enye iqala ukwehla, impendulo yokuhamba rhoqo kwenye i-capacitor iyaqala ukudlala, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwe i-AC impedance esezantsi kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-octave ezilishumi.

Qala ngokuthe ngqo kwipini yamandla yesikhulisi esisebenzayo; I-Capacitors ene-capacitance encinci kunye nobuncinci bobungakanani bomzimba kufuneka ibekwe kwicala elinye le-PCB njengesixhobo sokukhulisa amandla- kufutshane nesandisi-lizwi kangangoko. Isiphelo sendlela ye-capacitor iya kuqhagamshelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-moya yomhlaba kunye ne-pin emfutshane okanye ucingo olushicilelweyo. Unxibelelwano lomhlaba olukhankanywe apha ngasentla luya kuba kufutshane nokuphela komthwalo wesandisi njengoko kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa uphazamiseko phakathi kwamandla kunye nesiphelo somhlaba. Umzobo 2 ubonisa le ndlela yonxibelelwano.

Le nkqubo kufuneka iphindaphindwe kwi-sublarge capacitors. Kungcono ukuqala ngobuncinci bobuncinci be-0.01 μF kwaye ubeke i-electrolytic capacitor ngoxinzelelo olulinganayo olulinganayo (ESR) lwe-2.2 μF (okanye nangaphezulu) kufutshane nayo. I-0.01 μF capacitor ene-0508 ubukhulu bezindlu ine-inductance ephantsi kakhulu kunye nokusebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwesantya.

Amandla-kumandla: Olunye uqwalaselo lusebenzisa enye okanye ezingaphezulu ngokudlula kwee-capacitors ezixhume phakathi kokuphela kwamandla nokubi kwamandla okuphelisa ukusebenza. Le ndlela ihlala isetyenziswa xa kunzima ukumisela ii-capacitors ezine kwisekethe. Ukungancedi kukuba ubungakanani bezindlu ze-capacitor bunokunyuka ngenxa yokuba i-voltage kwi-capacitor iphindwe kabini kwixabiso lendlela yokudlula kwamandla. Ukunyusa amandla ombane kufuna ukonyusa amandla ombane wokuphazamiseka kwesixhobo, oko kukuthi ukwandisa ubungakanani bezindlu. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inokuphucula ukusebenza kwePSR kunye nokugqwetha.

Ngenxa yokuba isekethe nganye kunye ne-wiring yahlukile, ubumbeko, inani, kunye nexabiso lokuxhotyiswa kwabaxhasi kuya kuxhomekeka kwiimfuno zesekethe eyiyo.

Iziphumo zokuphazamiseka

Iziphumo zeParasitic ngamagqabantshintshi angena kwi-PCB yakho kwaye enze umonakalo, iintloko, kunye nokuphazamiseka okungachazwanga kwisekethe. Zizinto ezifihliweyo ze-parasitic capacitors kunye ne-inductors ezingena kwiisekethe ezikhawulezayo. Okubandakanya inductance yesisidalwa eyenziwe sisikhonkwane sephakheji kunye nocingo olushicilelweyo olude kakhulu; Umthamo weParasitic owenziwe phakathi kwephedi ukuya emhlabeni, iphedi kumoya wenqwelomoya kunye nephedi ukuprinta umgca; Unxibelelwano phakathi kwemingxunya evulekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubakho.