Uma uzwile ngegama elithi “Halogen-free PCB”Futhi ufuna ukufunda kabanzi, uze endaweni efanele. Sabelana ngendaba ngemuva kwaleli bhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe.

Find out the facts about halogens in PCBS, halogens in general and requirements for the term “halogen-free”. Siphinde sabheka izinzuzo zokungenayo i-halogen.

Yini i-PCB engena-halogen?

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze-PCB engena-halogen, ibhodi akufanele liqukethe ngaphezu kwenani elithile lama-halogen ezingxenyeni zesigidi ngasinye (i-PPM).

Ama-Halogen ku-biphenyl ene-polychlorinated

Ama-Halogen anokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene maqondana ne-PCBS.

I-chlorine isetshenziswa njenge-flame retardant noma i-coating evikela izintambo ze-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Ibuye isetshenziswe njenge-solvent yokuthuthuka kwe-semiconductor noma ukuhlanza ama-chip computer.

I-bromine ingasetshenziswa njenge-retardant yelangabi ukuvikela izinto ezisebenza ngogesi noma ukufaka inzalo ezingxenyeni ezithile.

Yiliphi izinga elibhekwa njengelingenalo i-halogen?

I-International Electrochemistry Commission (IEC) ibeka indinganiso ku-1,500 PPM yokuqukethwe okuphelele kwe-halogen ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-halogen. Imikhawulo ye-chlorine ne-bromine ingama-900 PPM.

Imikhawulo ye-PPM iyefana uma uthobela umkhawulo Wezinto Eziyingozi (RoHS).

Sicela wazi ukuthi amazinga ahlukahlukene e-halogen akhona emakethe. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwamahhala kwe-halogen akuyona imfuneko yezomthetho, amazinga avumelekile asethwe amabhizinisi azimele, afana nabakhiqizi, angahluka.

Idizayini yebhodi engenaHalogen

Okwamanje, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi ama-PCBS weqiniso angenayo i-halogen kunzima ukuthola. Kungahle kube nama-halogen amancane emabhodini wesifunda, futhi la makhemikhali angafihlwa ezindaweni ezingalindelekile.

Ake sicacise ngezibonelo ezithile. Ibhodi lesifunda eliluhlaza alinayo i-halogen ngaphandle kokuthi kususwe i-substrate eluhlaza kufilimu ye-solder.

Izinhlaka ze-epoxy ezisiza ukuvikela ama-PCBS zingaqukatha i-chlorine. Ama-Halogen nawo angafihlwa kuzithako ezinjenge-ingilazi yama-glass, ukumanzisa nokwelapha ama-ejenti, kanye nabagqugquzeli be-resin.

Kufanele wazi nezingibe ezingaba khona zokusebenzisa izinto ezingenayo i-halogen. Isibonelo, ngokungabikho kwama-halogen, i-solder to flux ratio ingathinteka, okuholele ekuklwebhekeni.

Khumbula ukuthi izinkinga ezinjalo akudingeki zinqotshwe. Indlela elula yokugwema ukuklwebheka ukusebenzisa i-solder resist (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-solder Resist) ukuchaza amaphedi.

Kubalulekile ukubambisana nabakhiqizi be-PCB abaziwayo ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kokuqukethwe kwe-halogen ku-PCB. Ngaphandle kokuqashelwa kwabo, akubona bonke abakhiqizi okwamanje abakwaziyo ukukhiqiza la mabhodi.

Kodwa-ke, manje njengoba wazi ukuthi ama-halogen akuphi nokuthi enzelwe ini, ungacacisa izidingo. Ungadinga ukuthi usebenzisane kakhulu nomenzi ukuze unqume indlela engcono yokugwema ama-halogen angenasidingo.

Yize ukuthola i-PCB engu-100% engena-halogen kungaba yinselelo, usengayakha i-PCB iye ezingeni elamukelekayo ngokuya ngemithetho ye-IEC neRoHS.

Yini ama-halogen?

Ama-Halogen ngokwawo awawona amakhemikhali noma izinto. Leli gama lihumusha lisuselwa esiGrekini liye “kumenzeli wokwenza usawoti” futhi lisho uchungechunge lwezinto ezihlobene kuthebula lezikhathi.

Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-chlorine, i-bromine, iodine, i-fluorine ne-A – ezinye zazo ongazijwayela. Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Hlanganisa ne-sodium nama-halogen ukwenza usawoti! Ngaphezu kwalokho, into ngayinye inezimpawu ezihlukile eziwusizo kithi.

Iodine yisibulala-magciwane esivamile. Amakhemikhali e-fluoride afana ne-fluoride ayengezwa emithonjeni yamanzi yomphakathi ukukhuthaza impilo yamazinyo, futhi ayatholakala nasezithambisweni naseziqandisini.

Okungajwayelekile kakhulu, ubunjalo bayo abuqondakali kahle, futhi iTennessee Tinge isacwaningwa.

I-chlorine ne-bromine zitholakala kuyo yonke into kusuka kuma-disinfectors emanzini kuya kuma-pesticides futhi, nakanjani, ne-PCBS.

Kungani udala ama-PCBS angenayo i-halogen?

Yize ama-halogen edlala indima ebalulekile ezakhiweni ze-PCB, anokubi okunzima ukukuziba: ubuthi. Yebo, lezi zinto zingama-retardants asebenzayo nama-fungicides, kodwa zibiza kakhulu.

I-chlorine ne-bromine yizigebengu eziyinhloko lapha. Ukuchayeka kunoma yimaphi lawa makhemikhali kungadala izimpawu zokungaphatheki kahle, njengesicanucanu, ukukhwehlela, ukucasuka kwesikhumba nokubona okufiphele.

Ukuphatha ama-PCBS aqukethe ama-halogen kungenzeka ukuthi kungaholela ekuvezweni okuyingozi. Noma kunjalo, uma i-PCB ibamba umlilo futhi ikhiphe intuthu, ungalindela le miphumela emibi.

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi i-chlorine ixubeka nama-hydrocarbon, ikhiqiza ama-dioxin, i-carcinogen ebulalayo. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe ezitholakalayo zokusebenzisa kabusha i-PCBS ngokuphepha, amanye amazwe ajwayele ukwenza ukulahlwa okungafanele.

Ngakho-ke, ukulahlwa okungafanele kwe-PCBS ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chlorine kuyingozi ku-ecosystem. Ukushisa lezi zobuchwepheshe ukuziqeda (okwenzekayo) kungakhipha ama-dioxin emvelweni.

Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-PCBS angenayo i-halogen

Manje njengoba usuwazi amaqiniso, kungani usebenzisa i-PCB engena-halogen?

Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi kunezindlela ezinobuthi ezingatheni kunezinye izindlela ezigcwele i-halogen. Ukubeka phambili ukuphepha kwakho, ochwepheshe bakho, nabantu abazophatha amabhodi kwanele ukuthi bacabangele ukusebenzisa ibhodi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubungozi bezemvelo buphansi kakhulu kunemishini equkethe inani elikhulu lamakhemikhali anobungozi anjalo. Ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho imikhuba emihle kakhulu yokusebenzisa kabusha i-PCB ingatholakali, okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-halogen kuqinisekisa ukulahlwa okuphephile.

Esikhathini sobuchwepheshe obukhulayo, lapho abathengi beya ngokuya bazi ngobuthi emikhiqizweni yabo, izinhlelo zokusebenza cishe azinamkhawulo – empeleni, azinayo i-halogen yezobuchwepheshe ezimotweni, omakhalekhukhwini nakwamanye amadivayisi esixhumana nawo kakhulu.

Kepha ubuthi obuncishisiwe akuyona kuphela inzuzo: futhi banenzuzo yokusebenza. Lawa ma-PCBS ngokuvamile angamelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme, awenze afanele amasekethe angenamthofu. Njengoba umthofu ungenye inhlanganisela izimboni eziningi ezizama ukuyigwema, ungabulala izinyoni ezimbili ngedwala.

Ukufakwa kwe-PCB okungenayo i-Halogen kungabiza kakhulu futhi kuphumelele kuma-elekthronikhi alahlwayo. Ekugcineni, ngoba lawa mabhodi adlulisa amandla aphansi ka-dielectric, kulula ukugcina ubuqotho besiginali.

Sonke kufanele silwele ukuqwashisa ukunciphisa izingozi ezingagwemeka kuzinto ezibucayi ezifana ne-PCBS. Yize ama-PCBS angenama-halogen engakalawulwa ngokomthetho, kwenziwa imizamo egameni lezinhlangano ezithintekayo zokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlanganisela eziyingozi.