Haɗin haɗin tsarin hukumar kewaye ya haɗa da guntu-zuwa-da’ira, haɗa tsakanin PCB da haɗin kai tsakanin PCB da na’urorin waje. A cikin ƙirar RF, halayen electromagnetic a wurin haɗin kai shine ɗayan manyan matsalolin da ƙirar injiniya ke fuskanta. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da dabaru daban -daban na nau’ikan ƙirar haɗin kai guda uku da ke sama, gami da hanyoyin shigarwa na na’ura, warewar wayoyi da matakan rage shigar gubar.

Akwai alamun cewa ana ƙera allon da’irar da aka buga tare da ƙara mita. Yayin da adadin bayanai ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, bandwidth ɗin da ake buƙata don watsa bayanai kuma yana tura rufin mitar siginar zuwa 1GHz ko sama. Wannan fasahar siginar mitar, kodayake ta wuce fasahar raƙuman milimita (30GHz), ta ƙunshi RF da fasahar microwave mai ƙarancin ƙarewa.

Hanyoyin ƙirar injiniya na RF dole ne su sami damar ɗaukar tasirin filin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi wanda galibi ana samarwa a mitoci. Waɗannan filayen lantarki na iya haifar da sigina akan layin siginar da ke kusa ko layukan PCB, yana haifar da crosstalk da ba a so (tsangwama da jimlar hayaniya) da cutar da aikin tsarin. Backloss galibi yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa, wanda ke da tasiri iri ɗaya akan siginar azaman ƙara amo da tsangwama.

Babban asarar da aka yi yana da illa biyu mara kyau: 1. Alamar da aka dawo da ita zuwa tushen siginar za ta ƙara hayaniyar tsarin, ta sa ya fi wahala ga mai karɓa ya rarrabe amo daga sigina; 2. 2. Duk wata sigina da aka nuna za ta ƙasƙantar da ingancin siginar saboda siginar siginar shigarwa tana canzawa.

Kodayake tsarin dijital yana da haƙuri sosai saboda suna ma’amala da siginar 1 da 0 kawai, jituwa da aka samar lokacin bugun jini yana ƙaruwa da sauri yana sa siginar ta yi rauni a manyan mitoci. Kodayake gyaran kuskuren gaba zai iya kawar da wasu mummunan tasirin, ana amfani da ɓangaren bandwidth na tsarin don watsa bayanai marasa aiki, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar aiki. Kyakkyawar mafita ita ce samun tasirin RF wanda ke taimakawa maimakon ɓarna daga amincin sigina. Ana ba da shawarar cewa asarar dawowar gaba ɗaya a mafi girman mitar tsarin dijital (galibi maƙasudin bayanai mara kyau) ya kasance -25dB, daidai da VSWR na 1.1.

Tsarin PCB yana da niyyar zama ƙarami, sauri da ƙarancin tsada. Don RF PCBS, sigina masu saurin gudu wani lokacin suna iyakance ƙaramin ƙirar ƙirar PCB. A halin yanzu, babbar hanyar magance matsalar giciye-tattaunawa ita ce gudanar da ƙasa, tazara tsakanin wayoyi da rage shigar gubar. Babban hanyar rage asarar dawowar shine daidaiton impedance. Wannan hanyar ta haɗa da ingantaccen sarrafa kayan rufi da warewar layin siginar aiki da layin ƙasa, musamman tsakanin yanayin layin siginar da ƙasa.

Saboda haɗin haɗin shine mafi ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa a cikin sarkar da’irar, a cikin ƙirar RF, kaddarorin electromagnetic na ma’anar haɗin kai shine babban matsalar da ke fuskantar ƙirar injiniya, yakamata a bincika kowane hanyar haɗin kai kuma a warware matsalolin da ke akwai. Haɗin jirgin da’irar ya haɗa da haɗin guntu-zuwa-kewaye, haɗin PCB da shigarwar siginar/haɗin haɗin fitarwa tsakanin PCB da na’urorin waje.

Haɗin kai tsakanin guntu da allon PCB

PenTIum IV da manyan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu sauri waɗanda ke ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na shigarwa/fitarwa sun riga sun kasance. Dangane da guntu ɗin da kansa, aikinsa abin dogaro ne, kuma ƙimar sarrafawa ta sami damar isa 1GHz. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan ban sha’awa na taron tattaunawa na GHz Interconnect na baya-bayan nan (www.az.ww. Com) shine hanyoyin da ake bi don magance ƙarar girma da yawaitar I/O sananne ne. Babban matsalar haɗin kai tsakanin guntu da PCB shine cewa yawan haɗin haɗin ya yi yawa. An gabatar da wani sabon salo wanda ke amfani da mai watsawa mara waya ta cikin gida a cikin guntu don watsa bayanai zuwa hukumar da ke kusa.

Ko wannan maganin yana aiki ko a’a, a bayyane yake ga masu halarta cewa fasahar ƙirar IC tana gaban fasahar ƙirar PCB don aikace -aikacen hf.

Haɗin PCB

Dabaru da hanyoyin don ƙirar PCB hf sune kamar haka:

1. Yakamata a yi amfani da Angle 45 ° don kusurwar layin watsawa don rage asarar dawowar (FIG. 1);

2 rufi m darajar bisa ga matakin tsananin sarrafawa high-yi rufi kewaye hukumar. Wannan hanyar tana da fa’ida don ingantaccen gudanar da filin electromagnetic tsakanin kayan rufewa da wayoyin da ke kusa.

3. Dole ne a inganta takamaiman ƙirar PCB don babban daidaitaccen etching. Yi la’akari da tantance kuskuren faɗin layin gaba ɗaya na +/- 0.0007 inci, sarrafa ƙasan da ƙetare na sassan wayoyi da tantance yanayin bangon bango na gefe. Gabaɗaya sarrafa geometry na waya (waya) da saman rufi yana da mahimmanci don magance tasirin fata da ke da alaƙa da mitar microwave da aiwatar da waɗannan ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

4. Akwai inductance famfo a cikin fitattun jagororin. Kauce wa amfani da aka gyara tare da jagoranci. Don yanayin maɗaukaki, yana da kyau a yi amfani da abubuwan da aka ɗora akan farfajiya.

5. Don sigina ta cikin ramuka, guji amfani da tsarin PTH akan farantin mai mahimmanci, saboda wannan tsarin na iya haifar da shigar gubar a ramin.

6. Samar da yalwar yalwar ƙasa. Ana amfani da ramukan da aka zana don haɗa waɗannan yadudduka na ƙasa don hana filayen lantarki na 3d daga shafar hukumar kewaye.

7. Don zaɓar abin da ba na electrolysis nickel plating ko nutsewar tsarin zinare na zinariya, kar a yi amfani da hanyar sanya HASL. Wannan farfajiyar wutar lantarki tana samar da mafi kyawun sakamako na fata don maɗaukaki mai ƙarfi (Hoto 2). Bugu da ƙari, wannan murfin da aka ƙera sosai yana buƙatar ƙarancin jagoranci, yana taimakawa rage gurɓata muhalli.

8. Layer juriya na solder na iya hana liƙa mai siyarwa daga gudana. Koyaya, saboda rashin tabbas na kauri da aikin rufin da ba a sani ba, rufe dukkan farantin farantin tare da kayan juriya na siyarwa zai haifar da babban canji a cikin wutar lantarki a cikin ƙirar microstrip. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da madatsar ruwa azaman Layer juriya.

Idan baku saba da waɗannan hanyoyin ba, tuntuɓi gogaggen injiniyan ƙira wanda yayi aiki akan allon kewaya microwave don sojoji. Hakanan zaka iya tattauna tare da su menene adadin farashin da zaku iya iyawa. Misali, ya fi tattalin arziƙi amfani da ƙirar microstrip coplanar na goyan bayan jan ƙarfe fiye da ƙirar tsiri. Tattauna wannan tare da su don samun kyakkyawan ra’ayi. Injiniyoyi masu kyau ba za su saba da yin tunani game da farashi ba, amma shawararsu na iya zama da taimako. Zai zama aiki na dogon lokaci don horar da ƙwararrun injiniyoyi waɗanda ba su saba da tasirin RF ba kuma ba su da ƙwarewa wajen magance tasirin RF.

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya karɓar wasu mafita, kamar haɓaka ƙirar kwamfuta don samun damar ɗaukar tasirin RF.

Haɗin PCB tare da na’urorin waje

Yanzu zamu iya ɗauka cewa mun warware duk matsalolin sarrafa siginar a kan jirgin da kan haɗin haɗin abubuwan da ke da ma’ana. Don haka ta yaya kuke warware matsalar shigar/fitowar siginar daga allon kewaye zuwa waya da ke haɗa na’urar nesa? Trompeter Electronics, mai ƙira a cikin fasahar kebul na coaxial, yana aiki akan wannan matsalar kuma ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci (Hoto 3). Hakanan, duba filin wutar lantarki da aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 4 a ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, muna sarrafa juyawa daga microstrip zuwa kebul na coaxial. A cikin igiyoyin coaxial, ana haɗa sassan ƙasa a cikin zobba kuma an daidaita su daidai. A cikin microbelts, layin ƙasa yana ƙasa da layin aiki. Wannan yana gabatar da wasu sakamako masu illa waɗanda ke buƙatar fahimta, annabta, da la’akari a lokacin ƙira. Tabbas, wannan rashin daidaituwa kuma yana iya haifar da koma baya kuma dole ne a rage shi don gujewa hayaniya da tsangwama na sigina.

Gudanar da matsalar rashin cikaswar ciki ba matsala ce ta ƙira da za a iya yin watsi da ita ba. Rashin ƙarancin yana farawa a saman allon kewaye, yana wucewa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa zuwa haɗin gwiwa, kuma ya ƙare a kebul na coaxial. Saboda rashin jituwa ya bambanta tare da mitar, mafi girman mita, mafi wahalar sarrafa rashin ƙarfi shine. Matsalar yin amfani da mitoci mafi girma don watsa sigina a kan babbar hanyar sadarwa ta bayyana shine babban matsalar ƙira.

Wannan takarda ta taƙaita

Fasahar dandamali ta PCB tana buƙatar ci gaba da haɓaka don biyan buƙatun masu zanen IC. Gudanar da siginar Hf a ƙirar PCB da shigarwar siginar/sarrafa sarrafawa akan allon PCB yana buƙatar ci gaba da haɓakawa. Duk abin da sababbin abubuwa masu ban sha’awa ke zuwa, Ina tsammanin bandwidth zai yi sama da sama, kuma yin amfani da siginar mitar zai zama abin da ake buƙata don ci gaban.