尽管 印刷电路板 (PCB) wiring plays a key role in high-speed circuits, it is often only one of the last steps in the circuit design process. There are many aspects of high-speed PCB wiring. There are a lot of literature on this topic for reference. This article mainly discusses the wiring problems of high-speed circuits from a practical point of view. The main purpose is to help new users to pay attention to many different issues that need to be considered when designing high-speed circuit PCB wiring. Another purpose is to provide a review material for customers who have not touched PCB wiring for a while. Limited by the article layout, this article cannot discuss all the issues in detail, but the article will discuss the key parts that have the greatest effect on improving circuit performance, shortening design time, and saving modification time.

尽管本文重点介绍与高速运算放大器相关的电路，但本文讨论的问题和方法一般适用于大多数其他高速模拟电路中使用的布线。 当运算放大器工作在非常高的射频（RF）频段时，电路的性能很大程度上取决于PCB布局。 在图纸上看起来不错的高性能电路设计，如果受到粗心大意的布线影响，只能得到普通的性能。 因此，在整个布线过程中预先考虑和关注重要细节将有助于确保预期的电路性能。 Schematic Although a good schematic does not guarantee a good wiring, a good wiring starts with a good schematic. When drawing the schematic diagram, we must think carefully, and we must consider the signal direction of the entire circuit. 如果原理图中从左到右有正常稳定的信号流，那么PCB上应该有同样好的信号流。 在原理图上提供尽可能多的有用信息。 这样，即使有些问题电路设计工程师无法解决，客户也可以寻求其他渠道帮助解决电路问题。 In addition to the common reference identifiers, power consumption, and error tolerance, what other information should be given in the schematic? 下面将提供一些建议，将普通的原理图变成最好的原理图。 添加波形、外壳机械信息、打印线长度和空白区域； 指明哪些组件需要放置在 PCB 上； 给出调整信息、元件值范围、散热信息、控制阻抗印制线、注释和简要电路等信息。 不要相信如果不是自己设计布线，一定要留出充足的时间仔细检查布线人员的设计。 一个小小的预防措施的价值可能是补救措施的一百倍。 不要指望接线人员能理解设计师的想法。 布线设计过程中的早期意见和指导是最重要的。 The more information that can be provided, and the more involved in the entire wiring process, the better the resulting PCB will be. 为布线设计工程师设定一个暂定的完成点，并根据所需的布线进度报告快速检查。 这种闭环方式可以防止走线，从而最大限度地减少重新设计的可能性。 The instructions that need to be given to the wiring engineer include: a short description of the circuit function, a schematic diagram of the PCB indicating the input and output locations, PCB stacking information (for example, how thick the board is, how many layers there are, detailed information about each signal layer and ground plane: power consumption , Ground wire, analog signal, digital signal and RF signal, etc.); which signals are required for each layer; the placement of important components is required; the exact location of bypass components; those printed lines are important; which lines need to control impedance printed lines ; Which lines need to match the length; the size of the components; which printed lines need to be far away from each other (or close to); which lines need to be far away from each other (or close to); which components need to be far away from each other (or close to); which components need to be placed on the PCB Above, which ones are placed below. 布线设计工程师永远不会抱怨需要提供的信息太多。 There is never too much information. Next, I will share a learning experience: about 10 years ago, I carried out a design project of a multi-layer surface mount circuit board with components on both sides of the circuit board. 使用大量螺丝将板子固定在镀金铝制外壳中（因为抗震性有非常严格的标准）。 提供偏置馈通的引脚穿过电路板。 This pin is connected to the PCB by soldering wires. 这是一个非常复杂的设备。 Some components on the board are used for test setting (SAT). 但是工程师已经明确定义了这些组件的位置。 这些组件安装在哪里？ 就在板子下面。 When product engineers and technicians have to disassemble the entire device and reassemble them after completing the settings, this procedure becomes very complicated. Therefore, such errors must be minimized as much as possible. Position is just like in the PCB, position is everything. PCB上的电路放哪里，具体的电路元件安装在哪里，还有什么相邻的电路，这些都是很重要的。 通常，输入、输出和电源的位置是预先确定的，但它们之间的电路需要有创意。 这就是为什么注意布线细节会对后续制造产生重大影响。 从关键元件的位置开始，考虑具体的电路和整个 PCB。 Specifying the location of key components and the path of the signal from the beginning helps ensure that the design achieves the expected work goals. 一次获得正确的设计可以降低成本和压力，从而缩短开发周期。 旁路电源在放大器的电源端设置旁路电源以降低噪声是PCB设计过程中一个非常重要的方向，包括高速运算放大器和其他高速电路。 旁路高速运算放大器有两种常见的配置方法。 * 这种将电源端接地的方法在大多数情况下是最有效的，使用多个并联电容器将运算放大器的电源引脚直接接地。 一般来说，两个并联电容就足够了，但增加并联电容可能会给某些电路带来好处。 不同电容值的电容器并联有助于确保电源引脚在很宽的频带内具有非常低的交流（AC）阻抗。 这在运算放大器电源抑制比 (PSR) 的衰减频率下尤为重要。 该电容器有助于补偿放大器降低的 PSR。 在许多十倍频程范围内保持低阻抗接地路径将有助于确保有害噪声不会进入运算放大器。 （图 1）显示了并联使用多个电容器的优点。 在低频时，大电容提供低阻抗接地路径。 But once the frequency reaches their own resonant frequency, the compatibility of the capacitor will be weakened and gradually appear inductive.