Nakuba ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe (PCB) izintambo zidlala indima ebalulekile kumasekhethi anesivinini esikhulu, ngokuvamile kuba yisinyathelo esisodwa sokugcina enqubweni yokuklama isifunda. Kunezici eziningi zezintambo ze-PCB ezinesivinini esikhulu. Kunezincwadi eziningi eziphathelene nalesi sihloko okubhekiselwa kuzo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngokuyinhloko ngezinkinga zezintambo zamasekhethi anesivinini esikhulu ngokombono ongokoqobo. Inhloso eyinhloko ukusiza abasebenzisi abasha ukuthi banake izindaba eziningi ezahlukene ezidinga ukucatshangelwa lapho uklama izintambo zesekethe ye-PCB enesivinini esikhulu. Enye inhloso ukuhlinzeka ngezinto zokubuyekeza kumakhasimende angazange azithinti izintambo ze-PCB isikhathi eside. Inqunyelwe ukwakheka kwe-athikili, lesi sihloko asikwazi ukuxoxa ngazo zonke izinkinga ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa i-athikili izoxoxa ngezingxenye ezibalulekile ezinomphumela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwesifunda, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokuklama, nokulondoloza isikhathi sokuguqulwa.

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxile kumasekhethi ahlobene nama-amplifiers asebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu, izinkinga nezindlela okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko ngokuvamile zisebenza kuzintambo ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda ze-analog ezinesivinini esikhulu. Uma i-amplifier yokusebenza isebenza kubhendi yefrikhwensi yomsakazo (RF) ephezulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kwesekhethi kuncike kakhulu ekuhlelweni kwe-PCB. Umklamo wesifunda osebenza kahle kakhulu obukeka kahle emdwebeni ungathola ukusebenza okuvamile kuphela uma kuthinteka i-wiring yokunganaki nokunganaki. Ngakho-ke, ukucatshangelwa kwangaphambili nokunaka imininingwane ebalulekile phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokufaka izintambo kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesifunda okulindelekile. I-Schematic Nakuba isikimu esihle singaqinisekisi izintambo ezinhle, izintambo ezinhle ziqala ngohlelo oluhle. Lapho sidweba umdwebo we-schematic, kufanele sicabange ngokucophelela, futhi kufanele sicabangele isiqondiso sesignali sesifunda sonke. Uma kunokugeleza kwesiginali evamile futhi ezinzile ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla kuhlelo, kufanele kube nokugeleza kwesiginali okuhle ngokulinganayo ku-PCB. Nikeza imininingwane ewusizo ngangokunokwenzeka kuhlelo. Ngale ndlela, noma ngabe ezinye izinkinga azikwazi ukuxazululwa ngunjiniyela wesifunda, amakhasimende angafuna nezinye iziteshi ukusiza ukuxazulula izinkinga zesekethe. Ngokungeziwe kuzihlonzi ezijwayelekile zereferensi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokubekezelela amaphutha, yiluphi olunye ulwazi okufanele lunikezwe kuhlelo? Okulandelayo kuzohlinzeka ngeziphakamiso ezithile zokuguqula ama-schematics ajwayelekile abe ama-schematics angcono kakhulu. Engeza amagagasi, ulwazi lwemishini mayelana ne-casing, ubude bemigqa ephrintiwe, nezindawo ezingenalutho; khombisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ezidinga ukubekwa ku-PCB; nika imininingwane yokulungisa, izilinganiso zenani lengxenye, ulwazi lokunqanyulwa kokushisa, lawula imigqa ephrintiwe ye-impedance, amazwana, namasekhethi amafushane Incazelo yesenzo nolunye ulwazi, njll. Ungakholelwa ukuthi uma ungaklami izintambo ngokwakho, kufanele uvumele isikhathi esanele sokuhlola ngokucophelela ukuklama komuntu ofaka izintambo. Ukuvimbela okuncane kungabiza izikhathi eziyikhulu kunekhambi. Ungalindeli ukuthi umuntu ofaka izintambo aqonde imibono yomklami. Imibono yasekuqaleni kanye nesiqondiso kunqubo yokuklama izintambo yikona okubaluleke kakhulu. Ulwazi olwengeziwe olunganikezwa, kanye nokubandakanyeka kakhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yezintambo, kuzoba ngcono i-PCB ewumphumela. Setha iphoyinti lokuphothula okuvivinyayo likanjiniyela womklamo wokufaka izintambo, futhi uhlole ngokushesha ngokuya ngombiko odingekayo wokuqhubeka kwezintambo. Le ndlela ye-loop evaliwe ingavimbela izintambo ukuthi zingaduki, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise amathuba okuklama kabusha. Imiyalo okufanele inikezwe unjiniyela wokufaka izintambo ihlanganisa: incazelo emfushane yomsebenzi wesekethe, umdwebo wohlelo lwe-PCB obonisa izindawo zokufaka nokuphumayo, ulwazi lokupakisha lwe-PCB (isibonelo, ukuthi ibhodi liwugqinsi kangakanani, zingaki izendlalelo kukhona, ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nongqimba lwesignali ngayinye nendiza ephansi: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla , Intambo ephansi, isignali ye-analog, isignali yedijithali nesiginali ye-RF, njll.); yiziphi izimpawu ezidingekayo kungqimba ngalunye; ukubekwa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile kuyadingeka; indawo eqondile yezingxenye ze-bypass; leyo migqa ephrintiwe ibalulekile; imiphi imigqa edinga ukulawula imigqa ephrintiwe ye-impedance; Imiphi imigqa edinga ukufanisa ubude; ubukhulu bezingxenye; yimiphi imigqa ephrintiwe edinga ukuba kude komunye nomunye (noma isondele); imiphi imigqa edinga ukuba kude komunye nomunye (noma isondele); yiziphi izingxenye ezidinga ukuba kude komunye nomunye (noma eduze); yiziphi izingxenye ezidinga ukubekwa ku-PCB Ngenhla, yiziphi ezibekwe ngezansi. Onjiniyela bokuklama izintambo abakwazi ukukhononda ngolwazi oluningi oludinga ukunikezwa. There is never too much information. Okulandelayo, ngizokwabelana ngesipiliyoni sokufunda: cishe eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, ngenza iphrojekthi yokuklama yebhodi lesifunda elinezingqimba eziningi elinezingxenye ezinhlangothini zombili zebhodi lesifunda. Sebenzisa izikulufu eziningi ukulungisa ibhodi endlini ye-aluminium ehlanganiswe ngegolide (ngoba kunezindinganiso eziqinile zokumelana nokushaqeka). Izikhonkwane ezihlinzeka ngokudla okuchema zidlula ebhodini. Le phinikhodi ixhunywe ku-PCB ngezintambo zokusoda. Lena idivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Some components on the board are used for test setting (SAT). Kodwa unjiniyela uye wayichaza ngokucacile indawo yalezi zingxenye. Zifakwe kuphi lezi zingxenye? Ngezansi nje kwebhodi. Lapho onjiniyela bomkhiqizo kanye nochwepheshe kufanele bahlukanise yonke idivayisi futhi baphinde bayihlanganise ngemva kokuqeda izilungiselelo, le nqubo iba nzima kakhulu. Therefore, such errors must be minimized as much as possible. Position is just like in the PCB, position is everything. Lapho ungabeka khona isekethe ku-PCB, lapho ungafaka khona izingxenye zayo ezithile zesifunda, futhi yiziphi ezinye izifunda eziseduze, zonke ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, izindawo okokufaka, okukhiphayo, nokunikezwa kwamandla kunqunywa kusengaphambili, kodwa amasekhethi aphakathi kwawo adinga ubuhlakani. Yingakho ukunaka imininingwane yezintambo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizeni okulandelayo. Qala ngendawo yezingxenye ezibalulekile futhi ucabangele isekethe ethile nayo yonke i-PCB. Ukucacisa indawo yezingxenye ezibalulekile kanye nendlela yesiginali kusukela ekuqaleni kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo ufeza imigomo yomsebenzi olindelekile. Ukuthola idizayini efanele kanye kunganciphisa izindleko nengcindezi, ngakho-ke kufinyeze umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa. Ukunikezwa kwamandla e-bypass Ukusetha ukunikezwa kwamandla okudlula ekugcineni kwamandla esikhulisi ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo kuyisiqondiso esibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuklama ye-PCB, okuhlanganisa nezikhulisamandla ezisebenza ngesivinini esikhulu nezinye izifunda ezinesivinini esikhulu. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokucushwa ezijwayelekile zokudlula ama-amplifiers asebenza ngesivinini esikhulu. * Le ndlela yokumisa indawo yokugcina amandla iphumelela kakhulu ezimweni eziningi, isebenzisa ama-capacitor amaningi ahambisanayo ukuze igxilise iphinikhodi yokuphakela amandla yeamplifier yokusebenza. Ngokuvamile, ama-capacitor amabili ahambisanayo anele, kodwa ukwengeza ama-parallel capacitor kungase kulethe izinzuzo kwezinye izifunda. Ukuxhumeka okuhambisanayo kwama-capacitor anamanani ahlukene we-capacitance kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphinikhodi yokuphakela amandla ine-impedance yamanje eshintshashintshayo ephansi kakhulu (AC) phezu kwebhendi yefrikhwensi ebanzi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emazingeni okunciphisa amandla e-operational amplifier power rejection ratio (PSR). Le capacitor isiza ukunxephezela i-PSR encishisiwe ye-amplifier. Ukugcina indlela yaphansi enezithiyo eziphansi kububanzi obuningi be-octave eyishumi kuzosiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umsindo oyingozi awukwazi ukungena ku-op amp. (Isithombe 1) sibonisa izinzuzo zokusebenzisa ama-capacitor amaningi ngokuhambisana. Emaza aphansi, ama-capacitor amakhulu ahlinzeka ngendlela ephansi ye-impedance. Kodwa uma imvamisa ifinyelela imvamisa yabo ye-resonant, ukuhambisana kwe-capacitor kuzoba buthaka futhi kancane kancane kubonakale ku-inductive.