Tare da haɓakar sabuntawar samfuran lantarki, adadin da aka jefar buga kewaye hukumar (PCB), babban bangaren sharar lantarki, shima yana karuwa. Haka nan kuma gurbacewar muhalli da sharar gida ta PCBs ke haifarwa ta tada hankalin kasashe daban-daban. A cikin PCBs na sharar gida, ƙananan karafa irin su gubar, mercury, da chromium hexavalent, da kuma sinadarai masu guba irin su polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) da polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman abubuwan hana wuta, suna cikin yanayin yanayi. . Ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa suna haifar da ƙazanta mai yawa, wanda ke kawo babbar illa ga rayuwar mutane da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. A kan sharar gida PCB, akwai kusan nau’ikan karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba 20 da ƙananan karafa, waɗanda ke da ƙimar sake amfani da su da darajar tattalin arziki, kuma ma’adanin gaske ne da ke jiran a hako su.

Yadda ake zubar da allunan da’ira na PCB da aka yi amfani da su

1 Dokar Jiki

Hanya ta zahiri ita ce amfani da hanyoyin inji da kuma bambancin kaddarorin jiki na PCB don cimma sake yin amfani da su.

1.1 Karya

Manufar murkushewa ita ce raba karfen da ke cikin hukumar da’irar sharar gida daga kwayoyin halitta kamar yadda zai yiwu don inganta haɓakar rabuwa. Binciken ya gano cewa lokacin da karfe ya karye a 0.6mm, karfe zai iya kaiwa 100% dissociation, amma zaɓin hanyar murkushewa da adadin matakan ya dogara da tsarin da ya biyo baya.

1.2 Rarraba

Ana samun rabuwa ta hanyar amfani da bambance-bambance a cikin kaddarorin jiki kamar nauyin kayan abu, girman barbashi, haɓakawa, ƙarfin maganadisu, da halaye na farfajiya. A halin yanzu ana amfani da su sosai fasahar girgiza iska, fasahar rabuwar ruwa, fasahar rabuwar guguwa, rabuwar ruwa-nutsewa da fasahar rabuwa na yanzu.

2 Hanyar jiyya ta fasaha mafi mahimmanci

Fasahar hakar ruwa mai girman gaske tana nufin hanyar tsarkakewa wacce ke amfani da tasirin matsa lamba da zafin jiki akan narkewar ruwa mai ƙarfi don yin hakar da rabuwa ba tare da canza tsarin sinadarai ba. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin hakar gargajiya, tsarin hakar CO2 mai mahimmanci yana da fa’idodin abokantaka na muhalli, rabuwa mai dacewa, ƙarancin guba, kaɗan ko babu saura, kuma ana iya sarrafa shi a cikin zafin jiki.

Babban jagorar bincike kan amfani da ruwa mai ƙarfi don magance sharar gida PCBs an tattara su ne ta fuskoki biyu: Na farko, saboda supercritical CO2 ruwa yana da ikon fitar da guduro da abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta a cikin allon da’ira da aka buga. Lokacin da aka cire kayan haɗin gwiwar guduro a cikin allon da’irar da aka buga ta hanyar supercritical CO2 ruwa, za a iya raba foil ɗin jan ƙarfe da gilashin fiber gilashi a cikin allon da’ira da aka buga, ta haka ne ke ba da damar ingantaccen sake amfani da kayan a cikin da’irar da aka buga. jirgi . 2. Yi amfani da ruwa mai mahimmanci kai tsaye don cire karafa daga sharar gida na PCBs. Wai et al. ya ruwaito hakar Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, As3+, Au3+, Ga3+ da Ga3+ daga simulated cellulose filter paper ko yashi ta amfani da lithium fluorinated diethyldithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) a matsayin wakili mai rikitarwa. Dangane da sakamakon binciken Sb3+, ingantaccen aikin hakar yana sama da 90%.

Har ila yau, fasahar sarrafa ƙwararru tana da manyan lahani kamar: babban zaɓi na hakar yana buƙatar ƙari na mai shiga, wanda ke cutar da muhalli; in mun gwada da high hakar matsa lamba na bukatar high kayan aiki; Ana amfani da babban zafin jiki a cikin aikin hakar don haka yawan amfani da makamashi.

3 Hanyar sinadarai

Fasahar sarrafa sinadarai tsari ne na hakowa ta amfani da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai daban-daban a cikin PCB.

3.1 Hanyar maganin zafi

Hanyar magance zafin rana ita ce hanyar rarraba kwayoyin halitta da ƙarfe ta hanyar zafin jiki mai yawa. Ya ƙunshi hanyar ƙonawa, hanyar fashewa, hanyar microwave da sauransu.

3.1.1 Hanyar ƙonewa

Hanyar ƙonawa ita ce murkushe sharar lantarki zuwa wani nau’in nau’in ƙwayar cuta da aika shi zuwa wurin ƙonawa na farko don ƙonawa, lalata abubuwan da ke cikinsa, a ware iskar gas daga daskararrun. Abin da ya rage bayan an ƙone shi shi ne ƙarfe marar ƙarfi ko oxide da fiber na gilashi, wanda za’a iya dawo da su ta hanyar jiki da kuma hanyar sinadarai bayan an murkushe su. Gas ɗin da ke ɗauke da abubuwan halitta yana shiga cikin incinerator na biyu don maganin konewa kuma an fitar dashi. Rashin lahani na wannan hanya shine cewa tana samar da iskar gas mai yawa da abubuwa masu guba.

3.1.2 Hanyar tsagewa

Pyrolysis kuma ana kiransa bushewar distillation a masana’antu. Shi ne don dumama sharar lantarki a cikin akwati a ƙarƙashin yanayin ware iska, sarrafa zafin jiki da matsa lamba, ta yadda kwayoyin halitta a cikinsa ya lalace kuma ya zama mai da iskar gas, wanda za’a iya dawo dasu bayan tari da tattarawa. Ba kamar kona sharar lantarki ba, ana aiwatar da tsarin vacuum pyrolysis ne a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba ya da iskar oxygen, don haka ana iya hana samar da dioxins da furans, adadin iskar gas ɗin da ake samu kaɗan ne, kuma gurɓataccen muhalli kaɗan ne.

3.1.3 Fasahar sarrafa microwave

Hanyar sake amfani da microwave shine fara murkushe sharar lantarki, sannan a yi amfani da dumama microwave don lalata kwayoyin halitta. Dumama zuwa kusan 1400 ℃ yana narkar da fiber gilashi da karfe don samar da wani abu mai vitrified. Bayan an sanyaya wannan sinadari, sai a raba gwal, da azurfa da sauran karafa a cikin nau’in beads, sauran sinadaran gilashin za a iya sake yin amfani da su a matsayin kayan gini. Wannan hanya ta bambanta sosai da hanyoyin dumama na gargajiya, kuma tana da fa’idodi masu mahimmanci kamar inganci mai inganci, saurin sauri, babban farfadowa da amfani da albarkatu, da ƙarancin kuzari.

3.2 Hydrometallurgy

Fasahar Hydrometallurgical galibi tana amfani da halayen ƙarfe waɗanda za a iya narkar da su a cikin maganin acid kamar nitric acid, sulfuric acid da aqua regia don cire karafa daga sharar lantarki da dawo da su daga yanayin ruwa. A halin yanzu ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita don sarrafa sharar lantarki. Idan aka kwatanta da pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy yana da fa’idodin ƙarancin iskar gas mai shayewa, sauƙin zubar da ragowar bayan hakar ƙarfe, fa’idodin tattalin arziki mai mahimmanci, da saurin tsari.

4 Kimiyyar Halittu

Biotechnology yana amfani da adsorption na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a saman ma’adanai da oxidation na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don magance matsalar dawo da karfe. Ana iya raba adsorption na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa nau’i biyu: amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don hana ions ƙarfe da kuma amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don hana ions ƙarfe kai tsaye. Na farko shi ne yin amfani da hydrogen sulfide da ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa don gyarawa, lokacin da saman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suka adsorbe ions don isa ga ruwa, zai iya yin flocs kuma su zauna; na karshen yana amfani da kayan oxidizing na ferric ions don oxidize sauran karafa a cikin kayan ƙarfe masu daraja irin su zinariya Ya zama mai narkewa kuma ya shiga cikin bayani, yana fallasa ƙarfe mai daraja don sauƙaƙe farfadowa. Hakar karafa masu daraja irinsu zinari ta hanyar fasahar kere-kere yana da fa’idar tsari mai sauki, mai saukin farashi, da kuma aiki mai sauki, amma lokacin leaching ya fi tsayi kuma adadin leach din ya yi kadan, don haka ba a yi amfani da shi ba a halin yanzu.

kammala jawabinsa

E-sharar gida abu ne mai daraja, kuma yana da matuƙar mahimmanci don ƙarfafa bincike da amfani da fasahar sake amfani da ƙarfe don sharar gida, duka ta fuskar tattalin arziki da muhalli. Saboda hadaddun halaye daban-daban na e-sharar gida, yana da wahala a dawo da karafa da ke cikinsa da kowace fasaha kadai. Yanayin ci gaban fasahar sarrafa e-sharar nan gaba ya kamata ya zama: masana’antu na nau’ikan sarrafawa, matsakaicin sake amfani da albarkatu, da fasahar sarrafa kimiyya. A taƙaice, nazarin sake amfani da sharar gida na PCB ba zai iya kare muhalli kawai ba, da hana gurɓata yanayi, amma har ma da sauƙaƙa sake yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, adana makamashi mai yawa, da haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa na tattalin arziki da al’umma.