Ngokukhawuleza kohlaziyo lweemveliso ze-elektroniki, inani elahliweyo ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (PCB), eyona nxalenye yenkunkuma yombane, nayo iyanda. Ungcoliso lwemekobume olubangelwa yinkunkuma yeePCBs nalo luye lwavusa ingqalelo yamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo. KwiiPCB zenkunkuma, iintsimbi ezinzima ezifana nelothe, imercury, kunye nehexavalent chromium, kunye neekhemikhali eziyityhefu ezifana nepolybrominated biphenyls (PBB) kunye ne-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), ezisetyenziswa njengezinto ezithintela ilangatye, ziqulethwe kwindawo yendalo. . Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nomhlaba abangela ungcoliseko olukhulu, oluzisa umonakalo omkhulu kubomi babantu nakwimpilo yomzimba nengqondo. Kwi-PCB yenkunkuma, kukho malunga neentlobo ezingama-20 zeentsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous kunye neentsimbi ezinqabileyo, ezinexabiso eliphezulu lokurisayikilishwa kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho, kwaye ngumgodi wokwenyani olindele ukugrunjwa.

Indlela yokulahla iibhodi zesekethe zePCB ezisetyenzisiweyo

1 Umthetho wenyama

Indlela yomzimba kukusetyenziswa kweendlela zoomatshini kunye nomahluko kwiipropathi ezibonakalayo ze-PCB ukuphumeza ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona.

1.1 Yaphukile

Injongo yokutyumza kukuhlukanisa isinyithi kwibhodi yesekethe yenkunkuma kwi-organic matter kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhlukana. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba xa isinyithi siphukile kwi-0.6mm, isinyithi sinokufikelela ngokusisiseko kwi-100% yokuqhawula, kodwa ukukhethwa kwendlela yokutyumza kunye nenani lezigaba kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo elandelayo.

1.2 Ukuhlela

Ukwahlula kufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa iiyantlukwano kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo ezifana nobuninzi bezinto eziphathekayo, ubungakanani bamasuntswana, i-conductivity, i-magnetic permeability, kunye neempawu zomhlaba. Ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi itekhnoloji ye-wind shaker, itekhnoloji yokwahlula i-flotation, itekhnoloji yokwahlula i-cyclone, ukwahlula i-float-sink kunye ne-eddy yangoku yokwahlula itekhnoloji.

2 Indlela yonyango yetekhnoloji ye-Supercritical

Itekhnoloji ye-Supercritical fluid extraction ibhekiselele kwindlela yokucoca esebenzisa impembelelo yoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu kwi-solubility yolwelo oluphezulu ukwenza ukutsalwa kunye nokwahlula ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukwakheka kweekhemikhali. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli zokutsalwa, inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ene-supercritical ineengenelo zobungane bendalo, ukwahlula okufanelekileyo, ubuthi obuphantsi, intsalela encinci okanye ingabikho, kwaye inokusebenza kwindawo yobushushu begumbi.

Izalathiso eziphambili zophando malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-supercritical fluids ukunyanga inkunkuma ye-PCB zigxininiswe kwimiba emibini: Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba i-CO2 ye-supercritical fluid inamandla okukhupha i-resin kunye ne-brominated flame retardant components kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo. Xa i-resin bonding imathiriyeli kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo isuswa yi-CO2 fluid, i-foil layer yobhedu kunye ne-glass fibre layer kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo inokwahlulwa ngokulula, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngamathuba okuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto kwisekethe eprintiweyo. ibhodi . 2. Sebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo i-supercritical fluid ukukhupha isinyithi kwi-PCB yenkunkuma. Wayi et al. ingxelo yokutsalwa kwe-Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, As3+, Au3+, Ga3+ kunye ne-Ga3+ kwiphepha lokucoca i-cellulose okanye isanti usebenzisa i-lithium fluorinated diethyldithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) njenge-agent eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokweziphumo zophando lwe-Sb3 +, ukusebenza kakuhle kokutsalwa kungaphezulu kwe-90%.

Itekhnoloji yokucubungula i-Supercritical nayo ineziphene ezinkulu ezinje: ukukhetha okuphezulu kokutsalwa kufuna ukongezwa kwe-entrainer, eyingozi kokusingqongileyo; uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokutsalwa lufuna izixhobo eziphezulu; ubushushu obuphezulu busetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kwaye ke ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu.

3 Indlela yeMichiza

Itekhnoloji yonyango lwemichiza yinkqubo yokutsalwa kusetyenziswa ukuzinza kweekhemikhali zamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwi-PCB.

3.1 Indlela yokunyanga ubushushu

Indlela yokunyanga ukushisa ngokuyininzi yindlela yokwahlula izinto eziphilayo kunye nesinyithi ngokusebenzisa ukushisa okuphezulu. Ibandakanya ikakhulu indlela yokutshisa, indlela yokukrazula ivacuum, indlela yemicrowave njalo njalo.

3.1.1 Indlela yokutshisa

Indlela yokutshisa kukutyumza inkunkuma ye-elektroniki ukuya kwisayizi ethile kwaye uyithumele kwindawo yokutshisa i-primary ukuze itshiswe, ibolise i-organic components kuyo, kwaye yahlule igesi kwinto eqinileyo. Intsalela emva kokutshiswa yintsimbi engenanto okanye i-oxide yayo kunye nefiber yeglasi, enokubuyiselwa ngeendlela zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali emva kokutyunyuzwa. Irhasi equlethe izinto eziphilayo ingena kwi-incinerator yesibini yonyango lokutshisa kwaye ikhutshwe. Ukungalungi kwale ndlela kukuba ivelisa inkunkuma eninzi kunye nezinto ezinobuthi.

3.1.2 Indlela yokuqhekeka

I-Pyrolysis ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-distillation eyomileyo kwishishini. Kukutshisa inkunkuma ye-elektroniki kwisitya phantsi kwemeko yokwahlula umoya, ukulawula ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, ukwenzela ukuba i-organic matter ekuyo idibaniswe kwaye iguqulwe ibe yioli kunye negesi, enokuthi ibuyiswe emva kwe-condensation kunye nokuqokelela. Ngokungafaniyo nokutshiswa kwenkunkuma ye-elektroniki, inkqubo ye-vacuum pyrolysis iqhutyelwa phantsi kweemeko ezingenayo i-oxygen, ngoko ke ukuveliswa kwee-dioxins kunye ne-furans kunokunyanzeliswa, ubungakanani begesi yenkunkuma eyenziwa yincinci, kwaye ungcoliseko lwendalo luncinci.

3.1.3 Itekhnoloji yokulungisa iMicrowave

Indlela yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwimayikhroweyivu kukuqala ngokutyumza inkunkuma ye-elektroniki, emva koko usebenzise ukufudumeza kwe-microwave ukubola izinto eziphilayo. Ukufudumeza ukuya malunga ne-1400 ℃ kunyibilikisa ifayibha yeglasi kunye nesinyithi ukwenza into efakwe ivitrified. Emva kokuba le nto ipholile, igolide, isilivere kunye nezinye iintsimbi zohlulwa ngendlela yamaso, kwaye enye into eseleyo yeglasi inokuphinda isetyenziswe ukuze isetyenziswe njengezinto zokwakha. Le ndlela ihluke kakhulu kwiindlela zokufudumeza zendabuko, kwaye ineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokusebenza okuphezulu, ukukhawuleza, ukubuyiswa kwemithombo ephezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.

3.2 I-Hydrometallurgy

Itekhnoloji ye-Hydrometallurgical ikakhulu isebenzisa iimpawu zesinyithi ezinokunyibilikiswa kwizisombululo zeasidi ezifana ne-nitric acid, i-asidi ye-sulfuric kunye ne-aqua regia ukususa isinyithi kwinkunkuma ye-elektroniki kwaye iphinde ibuyiselwe kwisigaba solwelo. Ngoku yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekusetyenzweni kwenkunkuma yombane. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy ineengenelo zokukhutshwa kwerhasi encinci, ukulahla ngokulula iintsalela emva kokutsalwa kwesinyithi, inzuzo ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho, kunye nokuhamba kwenkqubo elula.

4 I-Biotechnology

I-Biotechnology isebenzisa i-adsorption ye-microorganisms ebusweni bamaminerali kunye ne-oxidation ye-microorganisms ukusombulula ingxaki yokubuyisela isinyithi. I-adsorption ye-Microbial inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: ukusetyenziswa kwe-microbial metabolites ukukhupha i-ion zetsimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-microbes ukukhupha ngokuthe ngqo ii-ion zetsimbi. Owokuqala kukusebenzisa i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa yibhaktheriya ukulungisa, xa umphezulu webhaktheriya ubhengeza i-ion ukufikelela kwi-saturation, inokwenza i-flocs kwaye ihlale phantsi; le yokugqibela isebenzisa ipropathi oxidizing ion ferric ukuba oxidize ezinye izinyithi kwi alloys metal exabisekileyo ezifana negolide Iba yinyibilika kwaye ingene kwisisombululo, iveze isinyithi esixabisekileyo ukwenza lula ukubuyiswa. Ukutsalwa kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana negolide nge-biotechnology kunezibonelelo zenkqubo elula, ixabiso eliphantsi, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa ixesha le-leaching lide kwaye izinga le-leaching liphantsi, ngoko ke alizange lisetyenziswe okwangoku.

Ukuqukumbela intetho

Inkunkuma ye-E sisixhobo esixabisekileyo, kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ukomeleza uphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bokurisayikilisha isinyithi kwi-e-waste, kokubini ngokwembono yezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yeempawu eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-e-waste, kunzima ukubuyisela isinyithi kuyo nayiphi na iteknoloji yodwa. Indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo yobuchwepheshe bokusetyenzwa kwenkunkuma ye-intanethi kufuneka ibe: ukwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso yeefomu zokusetyenzwa, ukurisayikilishwa kwemithombo yobutyebi, kunye nobuchwephesha bokwenza izinto zenzululwazi. Isishwankathelo, ukufunda ukurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma ye-PCBs akunakukhusela kuphela okusingqongileyo, kuthintele ungcoliseko, kodwa kukwaququzelela ukurisayikilishwa kwezixhobo, konga amandla amaninzi, nokukhuthaza uphuhliso oluzinzileyo loqoqosho noluntu.