Ndi mathamangitsidwe wa pomwe zinthu pakompyuta, chiwerengero cha anataya bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB), chigawo chachikulu cha zinyalala zamagetsi, zikuchulukirachulukira. Kuipitsa chilengedwe komwe kumadza chifukwa cha zinyalala za PCB kwadzutsanso chidwi cha mayiko osiyanasiyana. M’ma PCB a zinyalala, zitsulo zolemera monga lead, mercury, ndi hexavalent chromium, komanso mankhwala oopsa monga polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) ndi polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zigawo zoletsa moto, zimapezeka m’chilengedwe. . Madzi apansi panthaka ndi nthaka zimawononga kwambiri, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu, thanzi lathupi ndi malingaliro. Pa PCB ya zinyalala, pali mitundu pafupifupi 20 ya zitsulo zosakhala ndi chitsulo ndi zitsulo zosowa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtengo wobwezeretsanso komanso zamtengo wapatali pazachuma, ndipo ndi mgodi weniweni womwe ukudikirira kukumbidwa.

Momwe mungatayire matabwa ozungulira a PCB

1 Lamulo lakuthupi

The thupi njira ndi ntchito makina njira ndi kusiyana PCB thupi katundu kukwaniritsa yobwezeretsanso.

1.1 Yosweka

Cholinga cha kuphwanya ndi kulekanitsa zitsulo mu zinyalala dera bolodi ku zinthu organic mmene ndingathere bwino kulekana Mwachangu. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti chitsulo chikathyoledwa pa 0.6mm, chitsulocho chimatha kufika 100% dissociation, koma kusankha njira yopondereza ndi chiwerengero cha magawo zimadalira ndondomeko yotsatira.

1.2 Kusanja

Kupatukana kumatheka pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa zinthu zakuthupi monga kachulukidwe kazinthu, kukula kwa tinthu, ma conductivity, maginito permeability, ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndiukadaulo wa shaker wamphepo, ukadaulo wolekanitsa zoyandama, ukadaulo wolekanitsa chimphepo, kupatukana kwamadzi oyandama ndi ukadaulo wamakono wolekanitsa wa eddy.

2 Supercritical teknoloji chithandizo njira

Ukadaulo wa supercritical fluid extraction umatanthawuza njira yoyeretsera yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kukakamiza ndi kutentha pakusungunuka kwamadzi ochulukirapo kuti achite kutulutsa ndi kulekanitsa popanda kusintha kapangidwe kake. Poyerekeza ndi miyambo m’zigawo njira, supercritical CO2 m’zigawo ndondomeko ali ubwino wa chilengedwe ubwenzi, kulekana yabwino, otsika kawopsedwe, zotsalira pang’ono kapena ayi, ndipo akhoza opareshoni kutentha firiji.

Waukulu kafukufuku malangizo pa ntchito supercritical zamadzimadzi kuchitira zinyalala PCBs anaikira mbali ziwiri: Choyamba, chifukwa supercritical CO2 madzimadzi amatha kuchotsa utomoni ndi brominated flame retardant zigawo zikuluzikulu mu gulu losindikizidwa dera. Pamene zinthu zomangira utomoni mu bolodi losindikizidwa dera amachotsedwa ndi supercritical CO2 madzimadzi, ndi mkuwa zojambulazo wosanjikiza ndi galasi CHIKWANGWANI wosanjikiza mu bolodi losindikizidwa dera akhoza kupatukana mosavuta, potero kupereka mwayi wobwezeretsanso moyenera zipangizo mu dera losindikizidwa. bolodi . 2. Mwachindunji ntchito supercritical madzimadzi kuchotsa zitsulo zinyalala PCBs. Wayi et al. lipoti la m’zigawo za Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, As3+, Au3+, Ga3+ ndi Ga3+ kuchokera yoyerekeza mapadi fyuluta pepala kapena mchenga ntchito lithiamu fluorinated diethyldithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) monga wothandizila complexing. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Sb3 +, kutulutsa bwino kumakhala pamwamba pa 90%.

Supercritical processing luso alinso ndi zolakwika zazikulu monga: high selectivity wa m’zigawo kumafuna Kuwonjezera wa etrainer, amene amawononga chilengedwe; kuthamanga kwambiri m’zigawo kumafuna zida zapamwamba; kutentha kwakukulu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ndipo motero kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri.

3 Chemical njira

Ukadaulo wochizira mankhwala ndi njira yochotsa pogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikika kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana mu PCB.

3.1 Njira yochizira kutentha

Njira yochizira kutentha ndiyo njira yolekanitsira zinthu zamoyo ndi zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwakukulu. Zimaphatikizapo njira yowotchera, njira yophwanyira vacuum, njira ya microwave ndi zina zotero.

3.1.1 Njira yowotchera

Njira yowotchera ndiyo kuphwanya zinyalala zamagetsi ku kukula kwa tinthu tating’ono ndikuzitumiza ku chowotcha choyambirira kuti chiwotchedwe, kuwola zigawo za organic zomwe zilimo, ndikulekanitsa gasi kuchokera ku cholimba. Chotsalira pambuyo pa kutenthedwa ndi chitsulo chopanda kanthu kapena oxide yake ndi galasi fiber, yomwe imatha kubwezeretsedwa ndi njira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala pambuyo pophwanyidwa. Mpweya womwe uli ndi zigawo za organic umalowa mu incinerator yachiwiri kuti uyake ndipo umatulutsidwa. Kuipa kwa njirayi ndikuti imatulutsa mpweya wambiri wonyansa komanso zinthu zoopsa.

3.1.2 Njira yosweka

Pyrolysis imatchedwanso dry distillation m’makampani. Ndi kutenthetsa zinyalala zamagetsi mu chidebe pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kudzipatula kwa mpweya, kulamulira kutentha ndi kupanikizika, kuti zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili mmenemo ziwonongeke ndikusandulika kukhala mafuta ndi gasi, zomwe zingathe kubwezeretsedwa pambuyo pa condensation ndi kusonkhanitsa. Mosiyana ndi kutenthedwa kwa zinyalala zamagetsi, njira ya vacuum pyrolysis ikuchitika pansi pazifukwa zopanda mpweya, kotero kuti kupanga ma dioxins ndi furans kungathe kuponderezedwa, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wonyansa wopangidwa ndi wochepa, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumakhala kochepa.

3.1.3 Ukadaulo waukadaulo wa Microwave

Njira yobwezeretsanso ma microwave ndikuphwanya zinyalala zamagetsi, kenako kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa microwave kuti kuwola zinthu zamoyo. Kutentha kwa pafupifupi 1400 ℃ kumasungunula ulusi wa galasi ndi chitsulo kupanga chinthu chopangidwa ndi vitrified. Izi zikakhazikika, golide, siliva ndi zitsulo zina zimasiyanitsidwa ngati mikanda, ndipo galasi lotsala likhoza kubwezeretsedwanso kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangira. Njirayi ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi njira zotenthetsera zachikhalidwe, ndipo ili ndi ubwino waukulu monga kuyendetsa bwino ntchito, kuthamanga, kubweza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

3.2 Hydrometallurgy

Ukadaulo wa Hydrometallurgical makamaka umagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe azitsulo omwe amatha kusungunuka munjira za asidi monga nitric acid, sulfuric acid ndi aqua regia kuchotsa zitsulo ku zinyalala zamagetsi ndikuzibwezeretsanso ku gawo lamadzimadzi. Pakalipano ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zinyalala zamagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy ili ndi ubwino wotulutsa mpweya wochepa kwambiri, kutaya mosavuta zotsalira pambuyo pochotsa zitsulo, phindu lalikulu lachuma, ndi kuyenda kosavuta.

4 Biotechnology

Biotechnology imagwiritsa ntchito ma adsorption of microorganisms pamtunda wa mchere ndi okosijeni wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti athetse vuto la kuchira kwachitsulo. Kutsatsa kwapang’onopang’ono kungagawike m’mitundu iwiri: kugwiritsa ntchito ma metabolites ang’onoang’ono kuti asasunthike ma ayoni achitsulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma bacteria kuti atseke ma ayoni achitsulo mwachindunji. Yoyamba ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen sulfide yopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya kukonza, pamene pamwamba pa mabakiteriya adsorbs ions kuti afikire machulukitsidwe, amatha kupanga flocs ndikukhazikika; chotsiriziracho chimagwiritsa ntchito oxidizing katundu wa ayoni ferric kuti oxidize zitsulo zina mu aloyi zamtengo wapatali zitsulo monga golide Imakhala sungunuka ndi kulowa yankho, poyera chitsulo chamtengo wapatali kuti atsogolere kuchira. Kuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golidi pogwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya sayansi ya zamoyo kumakhala ndi ubwino wa njira yosavuta, yotsika mtengo, ndi ntchito yabwino, koma nthawi yotulutsa zitsulo ndi yaitali komanso kutsika kwa leaching ndi kochepa, kotero sikunayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.

Mawu omaliza

E-waste ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali, ndipo ndichofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yobwezeretsanso zitsulo za e-waste, ponse pazachuma komanso chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha zovuta komanso zosiyana siyana za e-zinyalala, ndizovuta kubwezeretsa zitsulo zomwe zili mmenemo ndi teknoloji iliyonse yokha. Chitukuko chamtsogolo chaukadaulo wa e-waste processing kuyenera kukhala: kupititsa patsogolo mafomu opangira, kubwezanso zinthu zambiri, ndiukadaulo waukadaulo wasayansi. Mwachidule, kuphunzira zobwezeretsanso zinyalala PCBs sangathe kuteteza chilengedwe, kuteteza kuipitsa, komanso atsogolere yobwezeretsanso zinthu, kupulumutsa mphamvu zambiri, ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko zisathe za chuma ndi anthu.