Ngokusheshisa kokuvuselelwa kwemikhiqizo kagesi, inani elahliwe ibhodi yesifunda ephrintiwe (PCB), ingxenye eyinhloko kadoti kagesi, nayo iyanda. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo okubangelwa ama-PCB angcolile kuye kwavusa ukunaka kwamazwe ahlukahlukene. Kuma-PCB angcolile, izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana nomthofu, i-mercury, ne-hexavalent chromium, kanye namakhemikhali anobuthi njenge-polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) kanye nama-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), asetshenziswa njengezingxenye ezibushela ilangabi, aqukethwe endaweni yemvelo. . Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhlabathi kubangela ukungcola okukhulu, okuletha umonakalo omkhulu ezimpilweni zabantu nempilo engokomzimba nengqondo. Ku-PCB kadoti, kunezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngu-20 zezinsimbi ezingezona ayoni nezinsimbi ezingavamile, ezinenani eliphezulu lokugaywa kabusha kanye nenani lezomnotho, futhi iyimayini yangempela elinde ukumbiwa.

Indlela yokulahla amabhodi wesifunda se-PCB asetshenzisiwe

1 Umthetho Wenyama

Indlela ephathekayo iwukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zemishini kanye nomehluko wezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-PCB ukuze kuzuzwe ukugaywa kabusha.

1.1 Iphukile

Inhloso yokuchoboza ukuhlukanisa insimbi ebhodini lesifunda semfucuza kusuka ku-organic matter ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukanisa. Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi lapho insimbi iphukile ku-0.6mm, insimbi ingafinyelela ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlukaniswa kwe-100%, kodwa ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuchoboza kanye nenani lezigaba kuncike enqubweni elandelayo.

1.2 Ukuhlunga

Ukwehlukaniswa kufinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa umehluko wezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuminyana kwezinto, usayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity, amandla kazibuthe, nezici zangaphezulu. Okwamanje kusetshenziswa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe be-wind shaker, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa i-flotation, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa i-cyclone, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-float-sink kanye nobuchwepheshe bamanje bokuhlukanisa i-eddy.

2 Indlela yokwelapha yobuchwepheshe be-Supercritical

Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha uketshezi oluphakeme kakhulu bubhekisela endleleni yokuhlanza esebenzisa ithonya lokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa ekuncibilikeni koketshezi olubucayi kakhulu ukuze kukhishwe nokuhlukanisa ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zendabuko zokukhipha, inqubo yokukhipha i-CO2 ebaluleke kakhulu inezinzuzo zobungane bemvelo, ukuhlukana okulula, ubuthi obuphansi, izinsalela ezincane noma ezingekho, futhi ingasetshenziswa ekamelweni lokushisa.

Izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo eziyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni koketshezi olunamandla kakhulu ukwelapha ama-PCB angcolile zigxile ezicini ezimbili: Okokuqala, ngoba uketshezi lwe-CO2 olunamandla kakhulu lunamandla okukhipha i-resin kanye nezingxenye ze-brominated flame retardant ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe. Lapho izinto zokubopha i-resin ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe kususwa uketshezi lwe-CO2 oluphakeme kakhulu, ungqimba lwe-copper foil kanye nesendlalelo se-fiber yengilazi ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe kungahlukaniswa kalula, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze ithuba lokuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha okusebenzayo kusekethe ephrintiwe. ibhodi . 2. Sebenzisa ngokuqondile uketshezi olunamandla kakhulu ukuze ukhiphe izinsimbi kuma-PCB alahlwayo. Wayi et al. kubika ukukhishwa kwe-Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, As3+, Au3+, Ga3+ ne-Ga3+ ephepheni elilingisa i-cellulose filter noma isihlabathi kusetshenziswa i-lithium fluorinated diethyldithiocarbamate (LiFDDC) njenge-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwe-Sb3+, ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha kungaphezulu kwama-90%.

Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-Supercritical futhi bunamaphutha amakhulu njengokuthi: ukukhetha okuphezulu kokukhipha kudinga ukungezwa kwe-entrainer, okuyingozi emvelweni; ukucindezela okuphezulu kokukhipha kudinga imishini ephezulu; izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lisetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhipha futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu.

3 Indlela yamakhemikhali

Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ngamakhemikhali yinqubo yokukhipha kusetshenziswa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-PCB.

3.1 Indlela yokwelapha ukushisa

Indlela yokwelapha ukushisa ngokuyinhloko iyindlela yokuhlukanisa izinto eziphilayo nensimbi ngokusebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi indlela yokushiswa, indlela yokuqhekeka kwe-vacuum, indlela ye-microwave nokunye.

3.1.1 Indlela yokushiswa

Indlela yokushiswa iwukuchoboza imfucumfucu ye-elekthronikhi ibe usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezithile bese uyithumela endaweni yokushisela okuyisisekelo ukuze ushiswe, ubolise izakhi ezikuwo, futhi uhlukanise igesi kokuqinile. Izinsalela ngemva kokushiswa yinsimbi engenalutho noma i-oxide yayo ne-glass fiber, engatholwa ngezindlela ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali ngemva kokuchotshozwa. Igesi equkethe izakhi eziphilayo ingena emshinini wokushisisa wesibili ukuze ilashwe futhi iyakhishwa. Ububi bale ndlela ukuthi ikhiqiza imfucuza eningi nezinto ezinobuthi.

3.1.2 Indlela yokuqhekeka

I-Pyrolysis ibizwa nangokuthi i-distillation eyomile embonini. Ukushisa imfucumfucu ye-elekthronikhi esitsheni ngaphansi kwesimo sokuhlukanisa umoya, ukulawula izinga lokushisa nokucindezela, ukuze izinto eziphilayo ezikulo zibole futhi ziguqulwe zibe uwoyela negesi, ezingabuyiselwa ngemva kokufingqa nokuqoqwa. Ngokungafani nokushiswa kwemfucuza ye-elekthronikhi, inqubo ye-vacuum pyrolysis yenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kwama-dioxins nama-furans kungacindezelwa, inani legesi elibi elikhiqizwayo lincane, futhi ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuncane.

3.1.3 Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ama-microwave

Indlela yokugaywa kabusha kwe-microwave eyokuqala ngokuchoboza imfucuza ye-elekthronikhi, bese usebenzisa ukufudumeza kwe-microwave ukubola izinto eziphilayo. Ukushisa kufika ku-1400 ℃ kuncibilikisa i-glass fibre nensimbi ukuze kwakhe into e-vitrified. Ngemva kokuba le nto isipholile, igolide, isiliva nezinye izinsimbi ziyahlukaniswa zibe ubuhlalu, futhi into esele yengilazi ingagaywa kabusha ukuze isetshenziswe njengezinto zokwakha. Le ndlela ihluke kakhulu ezindleleni zokushisisa zendabuko, futhi inezinzuzo ezibalulekile njengokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukushesha, ukutholwa okuphezulu kwezinsiza kanye nokusetshenziswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.

3.2 I-Hydrometallurgy

Ubuchwepheshe be-Hydrometallurgical ikakhulukazi busebenzisa izici zensimbi ezingancibilika ezixazululweni ze-asidi njenge-nitric acid, i-sulfuric acid ne-aqua regia ukuze kukhishwe izinsimbi emfucumfucwini kagesi futhi zizibuyisele esigabeni soketshezi. Njengamanje iyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokucubungula imfucuza ye-elekthronikhi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-pyrometallurgy, i-hydrometallurgy inezinzuzo zokukhishwa kwegesi ekhishwa kalula, ukulahlwa kalula kwezinsalela ngemva kokukhipha insimbi, izinzuzo ezibalulekile zomnotho, kanye nokugeleza kwenqubo elula.

4 I-Biotechnology

I-Biotechnology isebenzisa i-adsorption yama-microorganisms ebusweni bamaminerali kanye ne-oxidation yama-microorganisms ukuxazulula inkinga yokubuyiswa kwensimbi. I-adsorption ye-Microbial ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: ukusetshenziswa kwama-metabolite amancane ukuze kuvinjwe ama-ion ensimbi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane ukuze kuvimbe ama-ion ensimbi ngokuqondile. Owokuqala ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa amagciwane ukulungisa, lapho ingaphezulu lebhaktheriya likhangisa ama-ion ukuze lifinyelele ukugcwala, lingenza ama-flocs futhi lihlale phansi; lesi sakamuva sisebenzisa impahla ye-oxidizing yama-ion ferric ukuze i-oxidize ezinye izinsimbi kuma-alloys ensimbi ayigugu njengegolide Iba inyibilika futhi ingene esixazululo, iveze insimbi eyigugu ukuze kube lula ukululama. Ukukhishwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu njengegolide nge-biotechnology kunezinzuzo zenqubo elula, izindleko eziphansi, nokusebenza okulula, kodwa isikhathi sokucwiliswa sinde futhi izinga lokucwiliswa liphansi, ngakho-ke akukaze kusetshenziswe okwamanje.

Ukuphetha amazwi

I-E-waste iyinsiza eyigugu, futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisa ucwaningo nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwensimbi ku-e-waste, kokubili ngokombono wezomnotho nemvelo. Ngenxa yezici eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinhlobonhlobo ze-e-waste, kunzima ukubuyisela izinsimbi ezikuyo nganoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe kuphela. Intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yobuchwepheshe bokucutshungulwa kwe-e-waste kufanele kube: ukwenziwa kwezimboni kwamafomu okucubungula, ukugaywa kabusha okukhulu kwezinsiza, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula isayensi. Kafushane, ukutadisha ukugaywa kabusha kwama-PCB angcolile akukwazi nje ukuvikela imvelo, ukuvimbela ukungcola, kodwa futhi kusiza ukugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza, konga amandla amaningi, futhi kukhuthaze intuthuko esimeme yomnotho nomphakathi.