Papan sirkuit sing dicithak (PCB) ditemokake ing meh kabeh jinis piranti elektronik. Yen ana komponen elektronik ing peralatan, komponen kasebut uga dipasang ing macem-macem ukuran PCB. Saliyane mbenakake macem-macem bagian cilik, fungsi utama PCB yaiku nyedhiyakake sambungan listrik ing antarane komponen kasebut. Piranti elektronik dadi saya rumit, saya akeh bagean sing dibutuhake, lan kabel lan komponen ing PCB dadi saya padhet. PCB standar katon kaya iki. Bare Board (without parts on it) is also often referred to as “Printed Wiring Board (PWB).

Substrat papan kasebut digawe saka bahan sing terisolasi lan tahan kanggo mlengkung. Bahan garis cilik sing bisa dideleng ing permukaan yaiku foil tembaga. Originally, foil tembaga ditutupi ing kabeh papan, lan sisih tengah wis terukir ing proses manufaktur, lan bagean sing isih ana dadi jaringan garis cilik. Jalur kasebut diarani konduktor utawa konduktor lan digunakake kanggo nyedhiyakake sambungan listrik menyang bagean ing PCB.

Kanggo ngamanake bagean menyang PCB, kita pasang pin langsung menyang kabel. Ing PCB dhasar, bagean kasebut musatake ing sisih siji lan kabel dadi luwih fokus ing sisih liyane. Dadi kita kudu nggawe bolongan ing papan supaya pin bisa ngliwati papan menyang sisih liyane, mula pin bagean kasebut dipasang ing sisih liyane. Amarga iku, sisih ngarep lan mburi PCB diarani Sisih Komponen lan Sisih Solder.

Yen ana bagean ing PCB sing bisa dicopot utawa dipasang sawise digawe, Soket bakal digunakake kanggo nginstal bagean kasebut. Amarga soket langsung gandheng ing papan, bagean kasebut bisa kanthi sewenang-wenang dibongkar. Plug ZIF (Zero InserTIon Force) ngidini bagean dipasang lan dicopot kanthi gampang. Tuas ing jejere soket bisa nahan bagean ing sisih sawise sampeyan dipasangake.

Kanggo nyambungake loro PCBS siji liyane, konektor pinggiran umume digunakake. Driji emas ngemot sawetara bantalan tembaga telanjang sing sejatine minangka bagean saka kabel PCB. Biasane, kanggo nyambung, kita masang driji emas ing siji PCB menyang Slot sing cocog (umume diarani Slot ekspansi) ing PCB liyane. In computers, display cards, sound cards, and similar interface cards are connected to the motherboard by means of a gold finger.

Werna ijo utawa coklat ing PCB yaiku warna topeng solder. Lapisan iki minangka tameng isolasi sing nglindhungi kawat tembaga lan ngalangi bagean supaya ora dipasang ing papan sing salah. Layar sutra liyane bakal dicithak ing lapisan resistensi solder. Biasane dicithak nganggo tembung lan simbol (umume putih) kanggo nunjukake posisi bagean ing papan kasebut. Screen printing surface is also known as icon surface

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Papan sisih siji

Kaya sing wis kasebut, ing PCB dhasar, bagean kasebut musatake ing sisih siji lan kabel dadi luwih fokus ing sisih liyane. Because the wire appears on only one side, we call this TYPE of PCB single-sided. Amarga panel siji duwe watesan ketat babagan desain sirkuit (amarga mung ana sisih, kabel ora bisa nyebrang lan kudu njupuk jalur sing beda), mung sirkuit awal sing nggunakake papan kasebut.

Papan sisih loro

Papan sirkuit duwe kabel ing loro-lorone. Nanging kanggo nggunakake kabel loro kasebut, mesthine kudu ana sambungan listrik sing pas ing antarane loro-lorone. “Jembatan” iki ing antarane sirkuit diarani bolongan pandhuan (VIA). Bolongan pandhuan yaiku bolongan cilik ing PCB sing diisi utawa ditutup nganggo logam sing bisa disambungake menyang kabel ing loro-lorone. Because a dual panel has twice the area of a single panel, and because the wiring can be interlaced (it can be wound around to the other side), it is better for more complex circuits than a single panel.

Papan multi-lapisan

Kanggo nambah area sing bisa kabel, digunakake luwih akeh kabel kabel siji-utawa loro-lorone. Papan multilayer nggunakake sawetara panel dobel, lan lapisan insulasi dilebokake ing antarane saben panel lan dipasang (ditekan). Jumlah lapisan papan nggambarake sawetara lapisan kabel independen, biasane ana sawetara lapisan, kalebu rong lapisan paling njaba. Most motherboards are built with four to eight layers, but it is technically possible to build up to 100 layers of PCBS. Umume komputer super gedhe nggunakake sawetara lapisan motherboard, nanging wis ora bisa digunakake amarga bisa diganti klompok komputer biasa. Because the layers in a PCB are so tightly integrated, it’s not always easy to see the actual number, but if you look closely at the motherboard, you might be able to.

Bolongan pandhuan (VIA) sing mung kasebut, yen ditrapake ing panel dobel, kudu ana ing kabeh papan

Nanging ing multilayer, yen sampeyan mung pengin nyambung sawetara garis, bolongan pandhuan bisa uga mbuwang sawetara garis garis ing lapisan liyane. Buried vias and Blind vias avoid this problem because they only penetrate a few layers. Blind holes connect several layers of internal PCBS to surface PCBS without penetrating the entire board. Bolongan sing dikubur mung disambungake karo PCB internal, mula cahya ora katon saka permukaan.

Ing PCB multilayer, kabeh lapisan langsung nyambung menyang kabel lemah lan catu daya. Dadi, kita ngelasake lapisan minangka Signal, Power utawa Ground. If the parts on the PCB require different power supplies, they usually have more than two power and wire layers.

Teknologi kemasan bagean

Liwat Teknologi Lubuk

The technique of placing parts on one side of the board and welding the pins to the other side is called “Through Hole Technology (THT)” encapsulation. Bagean iki akeh papan lan siji bolongan dibor kanggo saben pin. Dadi sendhi kasebut pancen njupuk papan ing loro-lorone, lan sendi solder cukup gedhe. Saliyane, bagean THT luwih nyambung karo PCB tinimbang bagean Surface Mounted Technology (SMT), sing bakal dibahas mengko. Sockets kaya soket kabel lan antarmuka sing padha kudu sabar-tekanan, mula biasane paket THT.

Lumahing Teknologi Dipasang

Kanggo bagean Teknologi Surface Mounted (SMT), pin dipasang ing sisih sing padha karo perangane. This technique does not drill holes in the PCB for each pin.

Bagian adesif permukaan malah bisa dipasang ing loro-lorone.

SMT uga duwe bagean luwih cilik tinimbang THT. Compared to PCB with THT parts, PCB with SMT technology is much denser. SMT package parts are also less expensive than THT’s. Dadi ora kaget yen umume PCBS saiki yaiku SMT.

Amarga sendhi sol lan pin bagean cilik banget, mula angel kanggo las kanthi manual. However, given that current assembly is fully automated, this problem will only occur when repairing parts.

Proses desain

Ing desain PCB, sejatine ana langkah-langkah sing kudu dilakoni sadurunge kabel resmi. Ing ngisor iki minangka proses desain utama:

The system specifications

Kaping pisanan, spesifikasi sistem peralatan elektronik kudu direncanakake. It covers system functionality, cost constraints, size, operation and so on.

System function block diagram

Langkah sabanjure yaiku nggawe diagram blok fungsional sistem. Hubungan antarane kothak uga kudu ditandhani.

Divide the system into several PCBS

Misahake sistem dadi pirang-pirang PCBS ora mung nyuda ukurane, nanging uga menehi sistem kemampuan kanggo upgrade lan pertukaran bagean. The system function block diagram provides the basis for our segmentation. Computers, for example, can be divided into motherboards, display cards, sound cards, floppy disk drives, power supplies, and so on.

Temtokake cara kemasan sing bakal digunakake lan ukuran saben PCB

Once the technology and the number of circuits used for each PCB has been determined, the next step is to determine the size of the board. If the design is too large, then packaging technology will have to change, or re-split the action. Kualitas lan kacepetan diagram sirkuit uga kudu dipikirake nalika milih teknologi kasebut.

Gambar diagram sirkuit skematis kabeh PCB

Rincian interkoneksi ing antarane bagean kasebut kudu ditampilake ing sketsa. PCB ing kabeh sistem kudu diterangake, lan umume nggunakake CAD (Desain Bantuan Komputer) saiki. Here is an example of a CircuitMakerTM design.

Diagram skema sirkuit PCB

Preliminary design of simulation operation

To ensure that the designed circuit diagram works, it must first be simulated using computer software. Piranti lunak kasebut bisa maca cithak biru lan nuduhake cara sirkuit bisa digunakake kanthi macem-macem cara. This is much more efficient than actually making a sample PCB and then measuring it manually.

Place the parts on the PCB

Cara nggawe bagean gumantung saka cara nyambungake siji lan sijine. Dheweke kudu nyambung menyang jalur kanthi cara sing paling efisien. Kabel cekap tegese kabel paling cedhak lan lapisan sing luwih sithik (sing uga nyuda jumlah bolongan pandhuan), nanging kita bakal bali menyang kabel nyata. Here is what the bus looks like on a PCB. Placement is important in order for each part to have perfect wiring.

Nguji kemungkinan kabel kanthi operasi sing bener kanthi kacepetan dhuwur

Sawetara piranti lunak komputer saiki bisa mriksa manawa panempatan saben komponen bisa disambungake kanthi bener, utawa mriksa manawa bisa mlaku kanthi bener kanthi cepet. Langkah iki diarani ngatur bagean, nanging ora bakal nggunakake adoh saka iki. Yen ana masalah karo desain sirkuit, bagean uga bisa diatur sadurunge sirkuit diekspor ing lapangan.

Ekspor sirkuit ing PCB

The connections in the sketch will now look like wiring in the field. Langkah iki biasane kanthi otomatis, sanajan biasane owah-owahan manual. Below is the wire template for 2 laminates. Garis abang lan biru makili lapisan bagean PCB lan lapisan las. Teks lan kothak putih nggambarake tandha ing permukaan cetakan layar. Titik lan lingkaran abang nggambarake bolongan ngebur lan nuntun. Ing sisih tengen tengen kita bisa ndeleng driji emas ing permukaan las PCB. The final composition of this PCB is often referred to as the working Artwork.

Saben desain kudu sesuai karo pirang-pirang aturan, kayata kesenjangan minimal sing disimpen ing antarane garis, jembar baris minimal, lan watesan praktis liyane sing padha. Spesifikasi kasebut beda-beda miturut kecepatan sirkuit, kekuwatan sinyal sing bakal ditularake, sensitivitas sirkuit tumrap konsumsi daya lan swara, lan kualitas bahan lan peralatan manufaktur. If the strength of the current increases, the thickness of the wire must also increase. Kanggo nyuda biaya PCB, sanajan nyuda jumlah lapisan, sampeyan uga kudu nggatekake manawa peraturan kasebut isih bisa dipenuhi. Yen luwih saka 2 lapisan dibutuhake, lapisan daya lan lapisan lemah biasane digunakake kanggo ngindhari sinyal transmisi ing lapisan sinyal sing kena pengaruh, lan bisa digunakake minangka tameng lapisan sinyal.

Kawat sawise tes sirkuit

Supaya bisa yakin manawa garis kasebut mlaku kanthi bener ing mburi kabel, kudu lulus tes pungkasan. Tes iki uga mriksa koneksi sing salah, lan kabeh koneksi ngetutake diagram skema.

Gawe lan file

Amarga saiki akeh alat CAD kanggo ngrancang PCBS, pabrikan kudu duwe profil sing cocog karo standar sadurunge bisa nggawe papan. Ana sawetara spesifikasi standar, nanging sing paling umum yaiku spesifikasi Gerber Files. Sekumpulan file Gerber kalebu rencana saben sinyal, daya lan lapisan lemah, rencana lapisan resistensi solder lan permukaan cetakan layar, lan file pengeboran lan pamindhahan sing ditemtokake.

Electromagnetic compatibility problem

Piranti elektronik sing ora dirancang kanggo spesifikasi EMC bisa uga ngasilake energi elektromagnetik lan ngganggu peralatan ing cedhak. EMC nemtokke watesan maksimum gangguan elektromagnetik (EMI), lapangan elektromagnetik (EMF) lan gangguan frekuensi radio (RFI). Peraturan iki bisa njamin operasi normal alat lan peralatan liyane ing sacedhake. EMC nemtokke watesan sing ketat kanggo jumlah energi sing bisa nyebar utawa ditularake saka siji piranti menyang piranti liyane, lan dirancang kanggo nyuda kerentanan EMF eksternal, EMI, RFI, lan liya-liyane. Kanthi tembung liyane, tujuan peraturan iki yaiku supaya energi elektromagnetik ora bisa mlebu utawa metu saka piranti kasebut. Iki minangka masalah sing angel banget, lan biasane ditanggulangi kanthi nggunakake lapisan daya lan grounding, utawa lebokake PCBS menyang kothak logam. The power and ground layers protect the signal layer from interference, and the metal box works equally well. Kita ora bakal nemoni masalah kasebut.

Kecepatan maksimum sirkuit gumantung karo kepatuhan EMC. EMI internal, kayata kerugian saiki ing antarane konduktor, mundhak amarga frekuensi mundhak. Yen bedane saiki gedhe banget, priksa manawa dawa jarake. This also tells us how to avoid high voltage and minimize the current consumption of the circuit. Tingkat keterlambatan kabel uga penting, dadi luwih dawa dawane, luwih apik. Dadi PCB cilik kanthi kabel sing apik bakal bisa digunakake kanthi luwih cepet tinimbang PCB gedhe.