Lolomi laupapa matagaluega (PCB) e maua i le toeititi lava ituaiga uma o masini eletise. Afai e i ai eletise vaega i totonu o se fasi mea faigaluega, latou o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina foi i le tele o ituaiga o PCB. I le faʻaopopoga i le faʻasaʻoina o tamaʻi tamaʻi vaega, o le autu o galuega a le PCB o le tuʻuina atu o le eletise i le va o vaega. Aʻo faʻateleina le lavelave o mea faigaluega faʻaeletise, e manaʻomia foʻi le tele o vaega, ma uaea foʻi ma uaea i luga ole PCB ua atili ai ona mafiafia. O se tulaga masani PCB foliga mai pei o lenei. Bare Board (without parts on it) is also often referred to as “Printed Wiring Board (PWB).

The substrate of the board itself is made of a material that is insulated and resistant to bending. O le tamaʻi laina mea e mafai ona vaʻaia luga o le apamemea foil. Muamua lava, o le apamemea pepa alumini ufiufi i luga o le laupapa atoa, ma o le ogatotonu vaega ua togitogia ese i le gaosiga gaioiga, ma le vaega totoe avea ma se upega o laina laititi. O nei laina ua taʻua o taʻitaʻi poʻo taʻavale ma e faʻaaoga e tuʻuina atu ai eletise i vaega o le PCB.

Ina ia faʻamautuina vaega i le PCB, matou solder latou pine tuʻusaʻo i le wiring. I luga o le autu PCB, o vaega e faʻalauteleina i le tasi itu ma uaea e taulaʻi i le isi. Ma e tatau ona tatou faia pu i le laupapa ina ia mafai e pine e ui atu i le laupapa i le isi itu, o lea o pine o vaega na ueloina i le isi itu. Ona o lenei, o luma ma tua itu o le PCB ua taʻua o le Component Side ma Solder Side faʻasolosolo.

Afai e i ai ni vaega i luga o le PCB e mafai ona aveʻesea pe toe tuʻu i tua pe a maeʻa gaosia, o le a faʻaaogaina mataʻitusi e faʻapipiʻi ai vaega. Talu ai o le mataʻitusi o loʻo ueloina saʻo i le laupapa, o vaega e mafai ona faʻamavae faʻamavaeina. O le ZIF (Zero InserTIon Force) plug faʻatagaina vaega e tuʻuina i totonu ma aveʻese faigofie. O le taumoa i autafa o le mataʻitusi mafai ona taofia vaega i le tulaga pe a uma ona e faʻaofiina i latou.

E faʻafesoʻotaʻi lua PCBS i le tasi ma le isi, e masani ona faʻaaogaina se faʻaaoga pito. O le tamatamailima auro o loʻo i ai le aofaʻi o lapopoʻa apamemea pads o ni vaega moni o le PCB uaea. E masani lava, e faʻafesoʻotaʻi, matou te tuʻuina le tamaʻi lima auro i luga o le tasi PCB i totonu o le Slot talafeagai (e masani ona taʻua o le faʻalautelega Slot) i luga o le isi PCB. In computers, display cards, sound cards, and similar interface cards are connected to the motherboard by means of a gold finger.

O le lanumeamata poʻo le enaena lanu i luga o le PCB o le lanu o le solder mask. O lenei vaega o se talipupuni puipui e puipuia le uaea kopa ma puipuia vaega mai le uʻamea i le nofoaga sese. Le isi silika pupuni o le a lolomiina i luga o le solder tetee vaega. E masani ona lolomiina i upu ma faʻailoga (tele paʻepaʻe) e faʻailoa ai le tulaga o vaega i luga o le laupapa. Screen printing surface is also known as icon surface

Talafatu).

Komiti Faʻatasi-itu

E pei ona matou taʻua, luga o le PCB masani, o vaega e taulai atu i le tasi itu ma uaea e taulai atu i le isi. Because the wire appears on only one side, we call this TYPE of PCB single-sided. Talu ai o paneta e tasi e tele tapulaʻa faʻatapulaʻaina i luga o le ata o le taʻamilosaga (aua e na o le tasi le itu, e le mafai ona sopoia le uaea ma e tatau ona uia se auala ese), naʻo taimi vave na faʻaogaina ai ia laupapa.

Komiti Faʻalua-itu

O le matagaluega laupapa i ai uaea i itu uma. Ae ina ia mafai ona faʻaaogaina uaea uma e lua, e tatau ona i ai ni fesoʻotaʻiga tau eletise talafeagai i le va o itu e lua. O lenei “auala laupapa” i le va o taʻamilosaga e taʻua o le hole hole (VIA). O pu faʻasino o ni pu laiti i le PCB ua faʻatumu pe ufiufi i uʻamea e mafai ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi i uaea i itu uma e lua. Because a dual panel has twice the area of a single panel, and because the wiring can be interlaced (it can be wound around to the other side), it is better for more complex circuits than a single panel.

Eseese-vaega laupapa

Ina ia mafai ona faʻateleina le vaega e mafai ona uaea, sili atu nofofua – pe faʻalua itu itu uaea laupapa. O le multilayer laupapa faʻaaogaina tele faʻalua panels, ma se vaega o faʻamamaina tuʻu i le va o vaega taʻitasi ma faʻapipiʻi (oomi). O le aofai o faaputuga o le laupapa sui o tutoatasi tutoʻatasi laina, e masani lava o se tutusa numera o faaputuga, aofia ai le pito i fafo lua faaputuga. Most motherboards are built with four to eight layers, but it is technically possible to build up to 100 layers of PCBS. Ole tele o komepiuta tetele e faʻaaoga lava ni nai faaputuga motherboard, ae ua latou le toe faʻaaogaina ona e mafai ona suia e fuifui o komipiuta masani. Because the layers in a PCB are so tightly integrated, it’s not always easy to see the actual number, but if you look closely at the motherboard, you might be able to.

O le pu faʻasino (VIA) na matou faʻatoa taʻua, pe a fai e faʻaaogaina i se vaega faʻalua, e tatau ona ui atu ile laupapa atoa

Ae i se multilayer, afai e naʻo lou manaʻo e faʻafesoʻotaʻi nisi o laina, o le taʻiala pu ono faʻamaʻimauina nisi o laina laina i isi faaputuga. Buried vias and Blind vias avoid this problem because they only penetrate a few layers. Blind holes connect several layers of internal PCBS to surface PCBS without penetrating the entire board. O faʻaputuga pu e faʻafesoʻotaʻi lava i le PCB i totonu, o lea e le vaaia le malamalama mai luga.

I le multilayer PCB, o le vaega atoa e fesoʻotaʻi saʻo i le eleele uaea ma le paoa sapalai. O lea matou te faʻavasegaina vaega o Faʻailo, Mana poʻo Eleele. If the parts on the PCB require different power supplies, they usually have more than two power and wire layers.

Tekinolosi afifiina vaega

E ala ile Hole Technology

The technique of placing parts on one side of the board and welding the pins to the other side is called “Through Hole Technology (THT)” encapsulation. O lenei vaega e tele se avanoa ma e tasi le pu e viliina mo pine taʻitasi. Ma o latou soʻoga faʻatulagaina moni aveina avanoa i itu uma e lua, ma o soʻoga sooga e fai si lapoʻa. I leisi itu, o vaega THT e sili atu ona fesoʻotaʻi i PCB nai lo Surface Mounted Technology (SMT) vaega, lea o le a tatou talanoaina mulimuli ane. O lago pei o uaea lavalava ma faʻapipiʻi fesoʻotaʻiga manaʻomia e avea uunaiga-faapalepale, o lea e masani ai o THT afifi.

Luga Faʻaaogaina Tekinolosi

Mo vaega e faʻataʻitaʻiina i luga ole lalolagi (SMT), o le pine e ueloina ile itu e tasi male vaega. This technique does not drill holes in the PCB for each pin.

O vaega pipiʻi luga e mafai foi ona ueloina i itu uma e lua.

E iai foʻi vaega laiti a le SMT nai lo THT. Compared to PCB with THT parts, PCB with SMT technology is much denser. SMT package parts are also less expensive than THT’s. Ma e leitioa a o le tele o aso nei PCBS o SMT.

Talu ai o soʻoga sooga ma pine o vaega e matua laiti, e matua faigata lava ona ueloina latou lima. However, given that current assembly is fully automated, this problem will only occur when repairing parts.

Le faʻagasologa ole mamanu

I le PCB design, e i ai moni lava laʻasaga umi e uia muamua a e leʻi faʻatulagaina paʻaga. Ole mea o loʻo sosoʻo mai o le autu faʻavae gaioiga.

The system specifications

Muamua lava, o le polokalama faʻamatalaga o mea faʻaeletise e tatau ona fuafuaina. It covers system functionality, cost constraints, size, operation and so on.

System function block diagram

O le isi laʻasaga o le fausiaina o se gaioiga poloka poloka o le polokalama. O le sootaga i le va o sikuea e tatau foi ona makaina.

Divide the system into several PCBS

O le vaevaeina o le faiga i le tele o PCBS e le gata e faʻaititia ai le lapoʻa, ae maua ai foi le malosiaga i le tino e faʻaleleia ma fesuiaʻi vaega. The system function block diagram provides the basis for our segmentation. Computers, for example, can be divided into motherboards, display cards, sound cards, floppy disk drives, power supplies, and so on.

Fuafua le metotia afifiina e faʻaaoga ma le tele o PCB taʻitasi

Once the technology and the number of circuits used for each PCB has been determined, the next step is to determine the size of the board. If the design is too large, then packaging technology will have to change, or re-split the action. O le lelei ma le saoasaoa o le matagaluega ata e tatau foi ona amanaʻia pe a filifilia le tekinolosi.

Tusi ata faʻasolosolo ata o PCB uma

O faʻamatalaga o fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o vaega e tatau ona faʻaalia i le ata. PCB i uma faiga e tatau ona faʻamatalaina, ma o le tele o latou faʻaaoga le CAD (Computer Aided Design) i le taimi nei. Here is an example of a CircuitMakerTM design.

Ata faʻakomepiuta o le matagaluega PCB

Preliminary design of simulation operation

To ensure that the designed circuit diagram works, it must first be simulated using computer software. O ia polokalame e mafai ona faitau faʻatulagaina ata ma faʻaalia ai le auala e galue ai le matagaluega i le tele o auala. This is much more efficient than actually making a sample PCB and then measuring it manually.

Place the parts on the PCB

O le tuʻuina o vaega e faʻalagolago i le faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le tasi i le isi. Latou tatau ona fesoʻotaʻi i le ala i le sili ona lelei auala. Faʻalelei fesoʻotaʻiga o lona uiga o le puʻupuʻu mafai mafai ona faʻapipiʻi ma laʻititi laʻasaga (lea e faʻaititia ai foʻi le aofaʻi o taʻiala pu), ae o le a tatou toe foʻi mai i lenei i le moni fesoʻotaʻiga. Here is what the bus looks like on a PCB. Placement is important in order for each part to have perfect wiring.

Faʻataʻitaʻi fesoʻotaʻiga mafai i le faʻagaioiga saʻo i le saoasaoa maualuga

Nisi o aso nei komipiuta komipiuta mafai ona siaki pe o le tuʻuina atu o vaega taʻitasi e mafai ona fesoʻotaʻi saʻo, pe siaki pe mafai ona faʻagaoioi saʻo i le saoasaoa tele. Lenei laasaga ua taua o le faʻavasegaina o vaega, ae tatou te le oʻo mamao i lenei. Afai e i ai se faʻafitauli ma le matagaluega mamanu, vaega mafai foi ona toe faʻaleleia ao le i auina atu i fafo le matagaluega i le fanua.

Auina atu i fafo matagaluega luga PCB

The connections in the sketch will now look like wiring in the field. O lenei sitepu e masani ona faʻaaogaina atoa, e ui lava o suiga i tusi lesona e masani ona manaʻomia. Below is the wire template for 2 laminates. O laina mumu ma lanumoana fai ma sui o le vaega PCB vaega ma le faʻamau vaega faʻatulagaina. O tusitusiga papaʻe ma sikuea o loʻo fai ma sui o faʻailoga i luga o le laupepa lolomiina luga. O togitogi mumu ma liʻo e fai ma faʻailoga o le viliina ma le taʻitaʻia o pu. I le itu taumatau taumatau e mafai ona tatou vaʻai i le tamatamailima auro i luga o le uʻamea luga o le PCB. The final composition of this PCB is often referred to as the working Artwork.

O mamanu taʻitasi e tatau ona mulimulitaʻia i se seti o tulafono, e pei o le faʻatapulaʻaina o avanoa i le va o laina, laʻititi laina lautele, ma isi faʻatapulaʻa aoga tutusa. O nei auiliiliga e fesuisuiaʻi e tusa ma le saoasaoa o le taʻamilosaga, o le malosi o le faʻailo e tuʻuina atu, o le malamalama o le taʻamilosaga i le paoa faʻaaogaina ma pisapisao, ma le lelei o mea ma meafaigaluega gaosi. If the strength of the current increases, the thickness of the wire must also increase. Ina ia mafai ona faʻaititia le tau o le PCB, a o le faʻaititia o numera o faaputuga, e manaʻomia foʻi ona uaʻi atu pe o usitaʻia nei tulafono. Afai e sili atu i le 2 faaputuga e manaʻomia, o le eletise eletise ma eleele vaega e masani ona faʻaaogaina e aloese ai mai le faʻailo faailo i luga o le faailo vaega ua afaina, ma mafai ona faʻaaogaina o se talita o le vaega faʻailo.

Uaea pe a uma suʻega taʻamilosaga

Ina ia mautinoa o loʻo ola lelei le laina i tua atu o le uaea, e tatau ona pasi le faʻaiuga. Lenei suʻega foi siakiina mo le le saʻo fesoʻotaʻiga, ma fesoʻotaʻiga uma mulimuli i le ata faʻataʻitaʻi.

Faʻamautu ma faila

Talu ai o loʻo tele nei mea faigaluega a le CAD mo le fuafuaina o PCBS, e tatau ona i ai se talaaga lelei o tagata gaosi oloa e faʻamalieina tulaga faʻatulagaina ae latou te leʻi gaosia laupapa. E i ai le tele faʻapitoa faʻapitoa, ae o le sili ona taatele o le Gerber Files faʻamatalaga. O se seti o faila Gerber aofia ai se fuafuaga o faʻailoga taʻitasi, paoa ma lauʻeleʻele, o se fuafuaga o le solder tetee layer ma le laupepa lolomiina luga, ma faʻamaoti faila o viliina ma suia.

Electromagnetic compatibility problem

O masini eletise e le o fuafuaina i faʻamatalaga a le EMC e ono maua ai le eletise eletise ma faʻalavelave ai i mea faigaluega e lata ane. E faʻatapulaʻaina e le EMC tapulaʻa maualuga i luga ole eletise eletise (EMI), eletise eletise (EMF) ma faʻalavelave faʻasolosolo o leitio (RFI). O lenei tulafono faʻatonutonu mafai ona mautinoa le faʻagaioiga masani o mea faigaluega ma isi mea faigaluega e latalata ane. E faʻatapulaʻaina e le EMC tapulaʻa i le aofaʻi o le malosi e mafai ona faʻataʻapeʻape pe faʻasalalauina mai le tasi masini i le isi, ma ua fuafuaina e faʻaititia ai le gafatia e fafo EMF, EMI, RFI, ma isi. I se isi faaupuga, o le mafuaʻaga o lenei tulafono faʻatonutonu o le puipuia le eletise eletise mai le ulufale atu pe sau mai le masini. O se faʻafitauli faigata tele lea e foʻia, ma e masani ona fofo e ala i le faʻaaogaina o le eletise ma le eleele, poʻo le tuʻuina ole PCBS i totonu o atigi pusa. The power and ground layers protect the signal layer from interference, and the metal box works equally well. Matou te le o mamao tele i nei mataupu.

O le maualuga o le saoasaoa o le matagaluega faʻamoemoeina i le EMC tausisia. EMI i totonu, e pei o le taimi nei leiloa i le va o taʻavale, faʻateleina pe a fai o le taimi e tulaʻi ai. Afai o le eseesega o loʻo i ai nei i le va o le lua e tele tele, ia mautinoa ia faʻaumiumi le va i le va o latou. This also tells us how to avoid high voltage and minimize the current consumption of the circuit. O le fua faatatau o le tuai i le faʻapipiʻi e taua foʻi, o lea la e puʻupuʻu le umi, e sili atu. Ma o se laʻititi PCB ma lelei uaea o le a galue sili atu i saoasaoa maualuga nai lo le tele PCB.