PCB设计基础知识

印刷电路板 (PCB) 几乎存在于各种电子设备中。 如果一个设备中有电子元件,它们也嵌入在各种尺寸的PCB中。 PCB的主要功能除了固定各种小零件外,还提供元件之间的电气连接。 随着电子设备越来越复杂,需要的零件也越来越多,PCB上的布线和零件也越来越密。 标准 PCB 看起来像这样。 Bare Board (without parts on it) is also often referred to as “Printed Wiring Board (PWB).

印刷电路板

The substrate of the board itself is made of a material that is insulated and resistant to bending. 表面能看到的细线材料是铜箔。 原来,铜箔覆盖在整块板子上,中间部分在制造过程中被蚀刻掉,剩下的部分变成了小线网。 这些线称为导体或导体,用于为 PCB 上的部件提供电气连接。

To secure parts to the PCB, we solder their pins directly to the wiring. 在基本 PCB 上,零件集中在一侧,电线集中在另一侧。 所以我们需要在板子上打孔,让管脚可以穿过板子到另一边,这样零件的管脚就焊接到另一边了。 Because of this, the front and back sides of a PCB are called Component Side and Solder Side respectively.

如果 PCB 上有零件在制造后可以拆卸或重新安装,则将使用 Socket 安装零件。 Because the socket is directly welded to the board, the parts can be arbitrarily disassembled. ZIF(零插入力)插头允许轻松插入和移除零件。 插入后,插座旁边的杠杆可以将零件固定到位。

为了将两个 PCBS 相互连接,通常使用边缘连接器。 金手指包含许多裸铜焊盘,它们实际上是 PCB 布线的一部分。 通常,要连接,我们将一块PCB上的金手指插入另一块PCB上的相应插槽(通常称为扩展槽)中。 In computers, display cards, sound cards, and similar interface cards are connected to the motherboard by means of a gold finger.

PCB 上的绿色或棕色是阻焊层的颜色。 该层是绝缘屏蔽层,可以保护铜线并防止零件焊接到错误的位置。 阻焊层上会印上另一个丝印。 它通常印有文字和符号(多为白色),以指示零件在板上的位置。 Screen printing surface is also known as icon surface

传奇)。

Single-sided Boards

正如我们提到的,在基本 PCB 上,零件集中在一侧,而电线则集中在另一侧。 Because the wire appears on only one side, we call this TYPE of PCB single-sided. 由于单面板对电路的设计有很多严格的限制(因为只有一侧,布线不能交叉,必须走单独的路径),只有早期的电路才使用这种板。

双面板

电路板两边都有接线。 但是为了同时使用两条电线,两侧之间必须有适当的电气连接。 电路之间的这种“桥接”称为导孔 (VIA)。 导孔是PCB上填充或涂有金属的小孔,可以连接到两侧的电线。 Because a dual panel has twice the area of a single panel, and because the wiring can be interlaced (it can be wound around to the other side), it is better for more complex circuits than a single panel.

Multi-layer Boards

为了增加可布线的面积,使用了更多的单面或双面布线板。 多层板采用多块双面板,每块面板之间放置一层绝缘层并粘合(压制)。 板子的层数代表几个独立的布线层,通常是偶数层,包括最外面的两层。 Most motherboards are built with four to eight layers, but it is technically possible to build up to 100 layers of PCBS. 大多数大型超级计算机使用相当多的主板层,但它们已经不再使用,因为它们可以被普通计算机集群代替。 由于 PCB 中的层集成得如此紧密,因此并不总是很容易看到实际数量,但如果您仔细观察主板,您可能会看到。

我们刚才提到的导孔(VIA),如果应用于双面板,必须贯穿整板

但在多层中,如果只想连接部分线,导孔可能会浪费其他层的部分线空间。 Buried vias and Blind vias avoid this problem because they only penetrate a few layers. Blind holes connect several layers of internal PCBS to surface PCBS without penetrating the entire board. 埋孔仅与内部PCB相连,因此从表面看不到光线。

In a multilayer PCB, the entire layer is directly connected to the ground wire and the power supply. So we classify the layers as Signal, Power or Ground. If the parts on the PCB require different power supplies, they usually have more than two power and wire layers.

零件封装技术

通孔技术

The technique of placing parts on one side of the board and welding the pins to the other side is called “Through Hole Technology (THT)” encapsulation. 这部分占用大量空间,每个销钉钻一个孔。 所以它们的焊点实际上占据了两边的空间,焊点也比较大。 另一方面,THT 部件比表面贴装技术 (SMT) 部件更好地连接到 PCB,我们将在后面讨论。 像有线插座和类似接口的插座需要耐压,所以通常是THT封装。

表面贴装技术

对于表面贴装技术 (SMT) 零件,引脚与零件焊接在同一侧。 This technique does not drill holes in the PCB for each pin.

表面粘合部件甚至可以双面焊接。

SMT 的零件也比 THT 小。 Compared to PCB with THT parts, PCB with SMT technology is much denser. SMT 封装零件也比 THT 便宜。 So it’s no surprise that most of today’s PCBS are SMT.

Because the solder joints and pins of parts are very small, it is very difficult to weld them manually. However, given that current assembly is fully automated, this problem will only occur when repairing parts.

设计过程

在PCB设计中,在正式布线之前,实际上有很长的步骤要经过。 以下是主要的设计过程:

The system specifications

First of all, the system specifications of the electronic equipment should be planned. It covers system functionality, cost constraints, size, operation and so on.

System function block diagram

下一步是创建系统的功能框图。 方格之间的关系也必须标出。

Divide the system into several PCBS

将系统分成多个 PCBS 不仅可以减小尺寸,而且还可以使系统具有升级和更换部件的能力。 The system function block diagram provides the basis for our segmentation. Computers, for example, can be divided into motherboards, display cards, sound cards, floppy disk drives, power supplies, and so on.

确定要使用的封装方法和每个PCB的尺寸

Once the technology and the number of circuits used for each PCB has been determined, the next step is to determine the size of the board. If the design is too large, then packaging technology will have to change, or re-split the action. 选择技术时还应考虑电路图的质量和速度。

绘制所有PCB的电路原理图

零件之间互连的细节应显示在草图中。 所有系统中的PCB都必须进行描述,目前大多使用CAD(计算机辅助设计)。 Here is an example of a CircuitMakerTM design.

PCB电路示意图

Preliminary design of simulation operation

To ensure that the designed circuit diagram works, it must first be simulated using computer software. 这样的软件可以读取蓝图并以多种方式展示电路的工作原理。 This is much more efficient than actually making a sample PCB and then measuring it manually.

Place the parts on the PCB

零件的放置方式取决于它们如何相互连接。 它们必须以最有效的方式连接到路径。 Efficient wiring means the shortest possible wiring and fewer layers (which also reduces the number of guide holes), but we’ll come back to this in actual wiring. Here is what the bus looks like on a PCB. Placement is important in order for each part to have perfect wiring.

Test wiring possibilities with correct operation at high speed

现在的一些电脑软件可以检查每个元件的放置是否可以正确连接,或者检查它是否可以高速正确运行。 这一步称为排列零件,但我们不会深入讨论。 如果电路设计有问题,也可以在电路输出现场前重新布置零件。

PCB上的导出电路

The connections in the sketch will now look like wiring in the field. 这一步通常是完全自动化的,尽管通常需要手动更改。 Below is the wire template for 2 laminates. 红线和蓝线分别代表PCB零件层和焊接层。 白色文字和方块代表丝网印刷表面上的标记。 红点和圆圈代表钻孔和导向孔。 On the far right we can see the gold finger on the welding surface of the PCB. The final composition of this PCB is often referred to as the working Artwork.

Each design must conform to a set of rules, such as minimum reserved gaps between lines, minimum line widths, and other similar practical limitations. 这些规格根据电路的速度、要传输的信号强度、电路对功耗和噪声的敏感度以及材料和制造设备的质量而有所不同。 If the strength of the current increases, the thickness of the wire must also increase. In order to reduce PCB costs, while reducing the number of layers, it is also necessary to pay attention to whether these regulations are still met. 如果需要2层以上,通常采用电源层和地层,避免信号层上的传输信号受到影响,可以作为信号层的屏蔽。

电路测试后的导线

为了确保线路在电线后面正常工作,它必须通过最终测试。 此测试还检查不正确的连接,所有连接都遵循原理图。

建立并归档

因为目前有很多用于设计PCBS的CAD工具,制造商必须有符合标准的轮廓才能制造电路板。 有多种标准规范,但最常见的是 Gerber 文件规范。 一套Gerber文件包括各信号层、电源层和接地层的平面图,阻焊层和丝印面的平面图,以及钻孔和位移的指定文件。

Electromagnetic compatibility problem

未按照 EMC 规范设计的电子设备可能会发射电磁能量并干扰附近的电器。 EMC 对电磁干扰 (EMI)、电磁场 (EMF) 和射频干扰 (RFI) 施加了最大限制。 该规定可以保证电器和附近其他电器的正常运行。 EMC 对可以从一个设备散射或传输到另一个设备的能量施加了严格的限制,旨在降低对外部 EMF、EMI、RFI 等的敏感性。 In other words, the purpose of this regulation is to prevent electromagnetic energy from entering or emanating from the device. This is a very difficult problem to solve, and is usually solved by using power and grounding layers, or putting PCBS into metal boxes. The power and ground layers protect the signal layer from interference, and the metal box works equally well. 我们不会在这些问题上走得太远。

电路的最大速度取决于 EMC 合规性。 内部 EMI,例如导体之间的电流损耗,会随着频率的升高而增加。 如果两者电流差太大,一定要拉长它们之间的距离。 This also tells us how to avoid high voltage and minimize the current consumption of the circuit. 布线的延迟率也很重要,所以长度越短越好。 因此,具有良好布线的小型 PCB 在高速下会比大型 PCB 更好地工作。