Yakadhindwa redunhu bhodhi (PCB) inowanikwa mune angangoita ese zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Kana paine zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa muchidimbu chemidziyo, iyo zvakare yakaiswa mune dzakasiyana saizi dzePCB. Pamusoro pekugadzirisa zvidiki zvidiki zvidimbu, basa hombe rePCB iri kupa kubatana kwemagetsi pakati pezvinhu. Sezvo midziyo yemagetsi ichiwedzera kuoma, zvikamu zvinowanda uye zvakawanda zvinodiwa, uye wiring uye zvikamu zvePCB zvinowedzera uye zvakawandisa. Pcbc yakajairwa inotaridzika seichi. Bare Board (without parts on it) is also often referred to as “Printed Wiring Board (PWB).

Iyo substrate yebhodhi pachayo inogadzirwa neyechinhu chakavharirwa uye chinopesana nekukombama. Iyo diki yemutsara zvinhu izvo zvinogona kuoneka pamusoro ndeyemhangura foil. Pakutanga, iyo yemhangura foil yakafukidzwa pabhodhi rese, uye yepakati chikamu chakatemwa kure mukugadzira maitiro, uye chikamu chinosara chinova network yemitsetse diki. Iyi mitsara inonzi macondors kana ma conductor uye anoshandiswa kupa magetsi kubatana kune zvikamu zviri paPCB.

Kuchengetedza zvikamu kuPCB, tinosungira mapini avo zvakananga kune wiring. Pane yakakosha pcb, izvo zvikamu zvakasunganidzwa kune rumwe rutivi uye mawaya akaiswa pane imwe. Saka isu tinofanirwa kugadzira maburi mubhodhi kuitira kuti mapini akwanise kupfuura nepabhodhi kuenda kune rimwe divi, saka hoko dzezvikamu dzakasungirirwa kune rimwe divi. Nekuda kweizvi, kumberi nekumashure mativi ePBB anonzi Chikamu Chikamu uye Solder Side zvakateerana.

Kana paine zvikamu paPCB izvo zvinogona kubviswa kana kudzoreredzwa mushure mekugadzirwa, Socket inozoshandiswa kuisa izvo zvikamu. Nekuti iyo soketi yakanyatso kusunganidzwa kubhodhi, zvikamu zvacho zvinogona kuve zvisina kufanira kukatanurwa. ZIF (Zero InserTIon Force) plug inobvumira zvikamu kuti zviiswe uye zvibviswe nyore. Iyo lever padhuze nesocket inogona kubata zvikamu munzvimbo mushure mekuzviisa.

Kubatanidza maPCBS maviri kune mumwe nemumwe, chinongedzo chemupendero chinowanzo shandiswa. Munwe wegoridhe une akati wandei asina mahwendefa emhangura ayo ari chaiwo chikamu chePCB wiring. Kazhinji, kuti tibatanidze, tinoisa munwe wegoridhe pane imwe PCB muSlot yakakodzera (inowanzonzi kuwedzera Slot) pane imwe PCB. In computers, display cards, sound cards, and similar interface cards are connected to the motherboard by means of a gold finger.

Ruvara rwegirini kana rwebrown paPCB ndiyo vara reiyo solder mask. Rukoko urwu rwunodzivirira nhoo iyo inodzivirira waya yemhangura uye inodzivirira zvikamu kubva mukusunganidzwa kuenda kunzvimbo isiriyo. Chimwe chinyorwa chesilika chinodhindwa pane iyo solder yekumisikidza dura. Inowanzo dhindwa nemazwi nezviratidzo (kazhinji zvichena) kuratidza chinzvimbo chezvikamu zviri pabhodhi. Screen printing surface is also known as icon surface

Nhoroondo).

Mamwe-mativi mabhodhi

Sezvatakambotaura, pane yakakosha pcb, izvo zvikamu zvakasunganidzwa kune rumwe rutivi uye mawaya akaiswa pane imwe. Because the wire appears on only one side, we call this TYPE of PCB single-sided. Nekuti mapaneru ega aive nezvirango zvakaomarara pakuumbwa kwedunhu (nekuti paingova nedivi rimwe chete, wiring yaisakwanisa kuyambuka uye yaifanira kutora nzira yakasarudzika), maseketi ekutanga chete ndiwo aishandisa mabhodhi akadaro.

Mapepa maviri-mativi

Dunhu redunhu rine wiring pamativi ese maviri. Asi kuti ushandise waya mbiri, panofanirwa kuve nemagetsi akakodzera kubatana pakati pemativi maviri. Iri “zambuko” pakati pemasekiti inonzi gomba rinotungamira (VIA). Makomba ekuperekedza makomba madiki muPCB izere kana kuputirwa nesimbi inogona kusunganidzwa newaya pamativi ese. Because a dual panel has twice the area of a single panel, and because the wiring can be interlaced (it can be wound around to the other side), it is better for more complex circuits than a single panel.

Multi-rukoko Mabhodhi

Kuti uwedzere nzvimbo iyo inogona kuve newired, imwe chete – kana maviri-mativi matambo ewiring anoshandiswa. Iyo multilayer bhodhi inoshandisa akati wandei mapaneru, uye nhurikidzwa yekudzivirira inoiswa pakati peimwe pani uye yakanamirwa (yakadzvanywa). Huwandu hwematanda ebhodhi anomiririra akati wandei akazvimirira wiring matete, kazhinji kazhinji kunyange akaenzana matanda, kusanganisira ekunze maviri akaturikidzana. Most motherboards are built with four to eight layers, but it is technically possible to build up to 100 layers of PCBS. Mazhinji makomputa makuru anoshandisa akati wandei mamabhuru emabhodhi, asi iwo asisina kushandiswa sezvo achigona kutsiviwa nemasumbu emakomputa akajairwa. Because the layers in a PCB are so tightly integrated, it’s not always easy to see the actual number, but if you look closely at the motherboard, you might be able to.

Iyo gomba gomba (VIA) isu tangotaura, kana rikashandiswa kune mbiri mapaneru, rinofanirwa kunge riri kuburikidza nebhodhi rese

Asi mune multilayer, kana iwe uchingoda kubatanidza imwe yemitsetse, maburi egwara anogona kutambisa imwe yemutsara nzvimbo mune mamwe matanda. Buried vias and Blind vias avoid this problem because they only penetrate a few layers. Blind holes connect several layers of internal PCBS to surface PCBS without penetrating the entire board. Maburi akavigwa anongobatana nePCB yemukati, saka mwenje hauoneke kubva kumusoro.

Mune multilayer pcb, hwese hwakazara hwakabatana zvakananga netambo yepasi uye magetsi magetsi. Saka isu tinopatsanura zvidimbu seSignal, Simba kana Ground. If the parts on the PCB require different power supplies, they usually have more than two power and wire layers.

Chikamu kurongedza tekinoroji

Kuburikidza neHole Technology

The technique of placing parts on one side of the board and welding the pins to the other side is called “Through Hole Technology (THT)” encapsulation. Ichi chikamu chinotora nzvimbo yakawanda uye rimwe gomba rinocherwa pini imwe neimwe. Saka majoini avo anotora nzvimbo pamativi ese, uye iwo majoini esoder anenge akakura. Kune rimwe divi, zvikamu zveTT zviri nani zvakabatana nePCB pane zvikamu zveSurface Mounted Technology (SMT), zvatichataura nezvazvo gare gare. Zvigadziko senge masokisi ane wired uye akafanana maficha anofanirwa kuve anomanikidza-kushivirira, saka iwo anowanzo ari THT mapakeji.

Pamusoro Kuwedzera Technology

Kune zvikamu zveSurface Yakakwira Tekinoroji (SMT), pini inosungirirwa kune rimwe divi nezvikamu. This technique does not drill holes in the PCB for each pin.

Pamusoro inonamira zvikamu zvinogona kusunganidzwa pamativi ese.

SMT zvakare ine zvikamu zvidiki pane THT. Compared to PCB with THT parts, PCB with SMT technology is much denser. SMT package parts are also less expensive than THT’s. Saka hazvishamise kuti mazhinji ePCBS anhasi ari SMT.

Nekuti majoini esoder uye pini dzezvikamu zvidiki kwazvo, zvakaoma kwazvo kuzvisimbisa nemaoko. However, given that current assembly is fully automated, this problem will only occur when repairing parts.

Iyo dhizaini dhizaini

Mukugadzirwa kwePBB, pane chaiwo matanho akareba kwazvo ekupfuura usati waita wiring. Iyi inotevera ndiyo huru dhizaini dhizaini:

The system specifications

Chekutanga pane zvese, marongero esisitimu emidziyo yemagetsi anofanirwa kurongwa. It covers system functionality, cost constraints, size, operation and so on.

System function block diagram

Nhanho inotevera ndeyekugadzira inoshanda block dhayagiramu yeiyo system. Hukama pakati pemakwere unofanirwawo kuratidzwa.

Divide the system into several PCBS

Kupatsanura sisitimu kuita maPCBS akati wandei hakungoderedze saizi chete, asi zvakare kunopa iyo sisitimu kugona kukwidziridza uye kuchinjanisa zvikamu. The system function block diagram provides the basis for our segmentation. Computers, for example, can be divided into motherboards, display cards, sound cards, floppy disk drives, power supplies, and so on.

Sarudza nzira yekupakata inoshandiswa uye kukura kwePCB imwe neimwe

Once the technology and the number of circuits used for each PCB has been determined, the next step is to determine the size of the board. If the design is too large, then packaging technology will have to change, or re-split the action. Iko kunaka uye kumhanya kwedhayagiramu yedunhu inofanirwawo kutarisirwa mukusarudza tekinoroji.

Dhirowa schematic wedunhu madhirama eese maPCB

Tsananguro dzekubatana pakati pezvikamu dzinofanirwa kuratidzwa mumufananidzo. PCB mumasisitimu ese anofanirwa kutsanangurwa, uye mazhinji acho anoshandisa CAD (Computer Inobatsira Dhizaini) parizvino. Here is an example of a CircuitMakerTM design.

Kurongwa dhayagiramu pcb redunhu

Preliminary design of simulation operation

Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti dhizaini yedunhu yakagadzirirwa inoshanda, inofanira kutanga yafananidzwa uchishandisa komputa software. Software yakadaro inogona kuverenga mapepa uye inoratidza mashandiro anoita dunhu munzira dzakawanda. This is much more efficient than actually making a sample PCB and then measuring it manually.

Place the parts on the PCB

Maitiro akaiswa zvikamu zvinoenderana nekuti akabatana sei kune mumwe nemumwe. Dzinofanira kuve dzakabatana nenzira nenzira inoshanda kwazvo. Wiring inoshanda inoreva iyo ipfupi inogoneka wiring uye zvidimbu zvidimbu (izvo zvakare zvinoderedza huwandu hwemaburi anotungamira), asi isu tinodzoka kune izvi mune chaiko waya. Here is what the bus looks like on a PCB. Placement is important in order for each part to have perfect wiring.

Edza wiring mikana pamwe nekushanda chaiko kumhanya kumhanya

Mimwe software yanhasi yemakomputa inogona kutarisa kuti kuiswa kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe kunogona kunyatsobatana here, kana kutarisa kana ichigona kushanda nemazvo pakumhanya. Iyi nhanho inonzi kuronga zvikamu, asi isu hatizopfuure zvakanyanya mune izvi. Kana paine dambudziko nekugadzirwa kwedunhu, zvikamu zvinogona zvakare kugadziriswazve dunhu risati ratumirwa mumunda.

Export redunhu pane pcb

The connections in the sketch will now look like wiring in the field. Iyi nhanho inowanzo gadzirirwa zvizere, kunyangwe shanduko yemawoko inowanzo kuve inoda. Below is the wire template for 2 laminates. Mitsara yakatsvuka uye yebhuruu inomiririra pcb zvikamu zvemukati uye iyo yakatenderera yakatenderera. Iwo machena zvinyorwa uye zvikwere zvinomiririra mamaki pane echinyorwa ekudhinda pamusoro. Iwo matsvuku madhi uye madenderedzwa anomiririra kuchera uye kutungamira maburi. Kurudyi kurudyi tinogona kuona munwe wegoridhe pane yakatwasuka pePCB. The final composition of this PCB is often referred to as the working Artwork.

Imwe neimwe dhizaini inofanirwa kutevedzera seti yemitemo, senge mashoma mashoma akachengeterwa mitsara pakati pemitsara, mashoma emitsara upamhi, uye zvimwe zvakafanana zvinoshanda. Aya maratidziro anosiyana zvinoenderana nekumhanyisa kwedunhu, simba rechiratidzo rinofambiswa, kunzwisisika kwedunhu kune simba rekushandisa uye ruzha, uye mhando yezvinhu uye michina yekugadzira. If the strength of the current increases, the thickness of the wire must also increase. Kuti uderedze pcbb mitengo, nepo uchidzikisa huwandu hwematanho, zvakare zvakakosha kuti utarise kana iyi mirau ichiri kusangana. Kana paine anodarika maviri matete.

Waya mushure mekuedzwa kwedunhu

Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti tambo iri kushanda nemazvo kuseri kwetambo, inofanira kupasa bvunzo yekupedzisira. Bvunzo iyi inotarisawo kubatana kusiri iko, uye kubatana kwese kunotevera dhizaini dhizaini.

Gadzira uye faira

Nekuti parizvino pane akawanda maCAD maturusi ekugadzira PCBS, vagadziri vanofanirwa kuve neprofile inosangana nematanho vasati vagadzira mabhodhi. Kune akati wandei akajairwa maratidziro, asi chakanyanya kuwanda ndeye iyo Gerber Files kududzirwa. Seti yemafaira eGerber inosanganisira chirongwa chechiratidzo chega chega, simba uye pasi pevhu, chirongwa cheiyo solder yekumisikidza dura uye yekudhinda pamusoro pechiso, uye mafaira akataurwa ekudhiza nekudzinga.

Electromagnetic compatibility problem

Midziyo yemagetsi isina kugadzirirwa kuEMC maratidziro angangoburitsa simba remagetsi uye kupindira nemidziyo iripedyo. EMC inoisa muganho wakakura pamagetsi emagetsi (EMI), magetsi emagetsi (EMF) uye radio frequency kukanganiswa (RFI). Uyu murau unogona kuona kushanda kwese kwechigadzirwa uye zvimwe zvishandiso zviri padyo. EMC inoisa miganho yakasimba pauwandu hwesimba hunogona kupararira kana kupfuudzwa kubva kune chimwe chinhu kuenda kune chimwe, uye chakagadzirirwa kudzikisira mukana wekunze EMF, EMI, RFI, zvichingodaro. Mune mamwe mazwi, chinangwa chemutemo uyu ndechekudzivirira simba remagetsi remagetsi kuti risapinda kana kubuda muchigadzirwa. Iri idambudziko rakaoma kugadzirisa, uye rinogadziriswa nekushandisa simba uye pasi matseji, kana kuisa PCBS mumabhokisi esimbi. The power and ground layers protect the signal layer from interference, and the metal box works equally well. Hatidi kuenda kure zvakanyanya munhau idzi.

Iyo yekumhanyisa kumhanya kwedunhu kunoenderana neEMC kutevedzera. Yemukati EMI, senge kurasikirwa kwazvino pakati pevatyairi, inowedzera sezvo kuwanda kuchikwira. Kana mutsauko uripo pakati pezviviri wakanyanya kukura, ita shuwa kuti uwedzere kureba pakati pavo. This also tells us how to avoid high voltage and minimize the current consumption of the circuit. Chiyero chekunonoka wiring chakakoshawo, saka kupfupisa kureba, kuri nani. Saka pcb pcb ine wiring yakanaka inoshanda zvirinani kumhanya kwakanyanya pane hombe pcb.