Papa Pai Kaapuni, i kapa ʻia ʻo Printed Circuit Board, Printed Circuit Board, Printed Circuit Board. ʻO ka prototype no PCBS mai nā ʻōnaehana hoʻololi kelepona i ka hoʻomaka o 20 kenekulia i hoʻohana i ka manaʻo o ka “Circuit,” i hana ʻia e ke ʻoki ʻana i nā pepa metala i mea alakaʻi a paʻa iā ia ma waena o ʻelua mau pepa pōhaku wax. Ma ka manaʻo maoli o ka PCB i hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1930 s, hoʻohana ʻia ka hana paʻi uila, me nā mea papa papa insulate, ʻoki ʻia i kekahi nui, me hoʻokahi kiʻi conductive, a he puka kahi lole (e like me ka lua o ka ʻāpana, puka paʻa, puka hao, a pēlā aku), hoʻohana ma kahi o nā mea uila uila o ka chassis, a ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea uila. Hoʻokani ia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoili relay, ke kino kākoʻo o nā mea uila, a ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka “makuahine o nā huahana uila”.

Hoʻohui ʻia e ka palupalu o nā mea kumu.

Kumu ʻikepili: hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili lehulehu

Hoʻolaha kaapuni kaiapuni PCB honua

Mai ke kenekulia 21, me ka hoʻolilo o ka ʻike ʻike uila honua mai nā ʻāina kūkulu i nā hoʻokele waiwai e kū mai ana a me nā ʻāina e kū mai ana, ʻo ʻAsia, ʻo Kina hoʻi, ua lilo a lilo i kumu nui o ka huahana ʻike uila uila o ka honua. I ka 2016, ka loaʻa kālā o kā Kina ʻenehana hana ʻenehana hana ma luna o ka pālākiō i koho ʻia i 12.2 trillion yuan, a ʻo 8.4% makahiki i ka makahiki. Me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaulahao ʻoihana ʻike uila, ʻo PCB ʻoihana, ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana kumu, hoʻokumu pū ʻia ma Mainland Kina, Hikina Hema ʻo Asia a me nā wahi ʻĀsia ʻē aʻe. Ma mua o 2000, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70% o ka World PCB output waiwai i puʻunaue ʻia i ʻAmelika (ʻo ka hapanui o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau), ʻEulopa a me Iapana. Mai ka 21st kenekulia, ke hoʻololi nei ka ʻoihana PCB i kāna mea i nānā iā Asia. I kēia manawa, kokoke ka 90% huahana o PCB ma ʻAsia i ka XNUMX% o ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Kina a me Asia Hema. Mai ka 2006, ua ʻoi aku ʻo Kina iā Iapana e lilo i mea hana PCB nui loa o ka honua, me ka hoʻopuka PCB a me ka pae kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka honua. In recent years, the global economy is in a period of deep adjustment. The driving role of Europe, the United States, Japan and other major economies on the world economic growth has weakened significantly, and the PCB market in these countries has limited growth or even contracted. Hoʻohui nui ʻia ʻo Kina me ka hoʻokele waiwai honua, a noho mālie i ka hapalua o ka mākeke PCB honua. As the largest producer of PCB industry in the world, China accounted for 50.53% of the total output value of PCB industry in 2017, up from 31.18% in 2008.

Kumu ʻikepili: hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili lehulehu

The big trend of industry moving east, the mainland is unique.

Ke neʻe nei ke kikowaena o ka ʻoihana PCB i Asia, a ke neʻe hou nei ka hana i Asia i ka ʻāina nui, e hana ana i kahi hanana ʻoihana hou. Ma mua o 2000, 70% o ka global PCB auaiaea waiwai i puunaue ʻia maʻEulopa, ʻAmelika (ʻo ka hapanui o ʻAmelika Hema) a me Iapana. Me ka hoʻololi mau o ka hana hana, ʻo ka waiwai puka o PCB ma Asia kokoke i 90% o ka honua, ke alakaʻi nei i ka PCB i ka honua, ʻoiai ua lilo ka ʻāina nui Kina i ka ʻāina me ka hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PCB i ka honua. I ka manawa like, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻike ka mākaukau hana i Asia i kahi ʻano o ka lawe ʻana mai Iāpana, Kōlea Hema a me Taiwan i ka ʻāina nui Kina, kahi e ulu ai ka mana hana PCB ma ka ʻāina nui Kina ma kahi wikiwiki o 5% -7% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pae honua. Ma ka 2017, e hōʻea ka huahana PCB a Kina iā mākou $ 28.972 biliona, e helu ana ma mua o 50% o ka huina o ka honua.

ʻO ka hana hana PCB o ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me Taiwan e hoʻomau i ka lawe ʻia i ka ʻāina nui no nā kumu ʻekolu e pili ana:

1. Environmental protection policies in western countries are becoming stricter, forcing the PCB industry with relatively high emissions to move.

Aia i loko o ka papa kaapuni paʻi nā mea hoʻohaumia metala kaumaha, ka mea e hōʻeha ai i ka haumia kaiāulu kūloko i ke kaʻina hana. Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelike Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā koi hoʻomalu o ke aupuni no nā mea hana PCB ma mua o ka home. Ma lalo o nā kūlana palekana kaiapuni koʻikoʻi, pono nā ʻoihana e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana pale ākea ʻoi aku ka hemolele, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā lilo hoʻomalu kūlohelohe o nā ʻoihana, hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokele a hoʻopili i ka pae o nā loaʻa ʻoihana. No laila, mālama wale nā ​​mea hana ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika i ka ʻoihana PCB me ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hūnā paʻa ʻana, e like me ka pūʻali koa a me ka aerospace, a me ka ʻoihana liʻiliʻi papa liʻiliʻi, a hoʻemi mau i ka ʻoihana PCB me ka hoʻohaumia kiʻekiʻe a me ka loaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa. Production capacity in this part of the business has shifted to Asia, where environmental requirements are relatively loose and environmental spending is relatively low. Ke kāohi nei hoʻi i nā kulekele pili kaiapuni i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka mana hou. Hoʻonui pinepine nā mea hana PCB i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i nā mea kanu e kū nei a wehe paha i nā mea hou. Akā ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻo ka palena o ka paukū pale no ke kaiapuni e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻakikī o ke koho ʻana i ka pūnaewele. On the other hand, the increase of cost reduces the expected rate of return of the project, weakens the feasibility of the project and increases the difficulty of raising funds. Ma muli o nā kumu ʻelua ma luna, hoʻopukapuka nā mea hana ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika i nā papahana hou i ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā mea hana ʻAsia, no laila ke hoʻokuʻu nei i kahi mana hou aʻe, a hāʻule ma hope o ʻAsia i ka mana PCB. Mainland market obtains price advantage with relatively low labor cost, while western manufacturers tend to be inferior in price war.ʻO ke kumukūʻai hana ma ka mākeke ʻāina nui ka ʻoi aku o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaikaʻi iki i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pae o nā ʻāina kūkulu i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pae o Iāpana a me Kōlea Hema. Ma muli o ko lākou mau pono i nā lilo hoʻomalu kūlohelohe a me nā koina hana, hiki i nā mea hana ma Kina ʻāina nui ke loaʻa nā pono hoʻokūkū me nā kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā wahi ʻē aʻe, a pēlā e hoʻonui nei i ka mahele o ka mākeke.

2. Ua lilo ʻo Kina i ka mākeke uila mea kūʻai nui loa o ka honua, a ke kākoʻo piha nei nā kaulahao ʻoihana iuka a me lalo i nā pono o ka ʻoihana PCB.

I nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei, ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻoihana ʻike uila a Kina a ua hoʻonui ʻia kāna ana ʻoihana. I ka 2015, ua loaʻa i kā Kina mea kūʻai uila ʻike ʻike hana i ka loaʻa kālā nui o 11.1 trillion yuan, ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā mea lawe i kokoke loa i nā huahana hopena, e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka noi no PCB ma ka ʻāina nui Kina me ka kaulana o nā huahana kahawai lalo. No laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaulahao ʻoihana piha o ka “keleawe keleawe, ke aniani aniani, kēpau, pā keleawe keleawe a me PCB” i ka hopena o ka ʻāina nui Kina, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka noi e ulu nei. No laila, kipaku ʻia e ka koi, hoʻololi maʻalahi ʻia ka hana hana i ka ʻāina nui.

3. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kina i ka kāʻei cluster ʻoihana PCB me ka momi Delta Delta a me Yangtze River Delta ma ke ʻano he mau wahi nui.

Wahi a China Printed Circuit Association CPCA, ʻo ka helu o nā ʻoihana PCB kūloko i ka makahiki 2013 ma kahi o 1,500, i hāʻawi nui ʻia i ka Delta ʻo River River, Yangtze River Delta a me ka moku ʻo Bohai Rim, ʻo ka Delta ʻo Yangtze Delta a me ka momi Delta Delta ʻelua mau ʻāina i helu ʻia e pili ana. 90% o ka nui o ka waiwai hoʻopuka o PCB ma ka ʻāina nui Kina. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana hana PCB ma waena a komohana o Kina i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, no ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hana, ua neʻe kekahi mau ʻoihana PCB i kā lākou hana hana mai ka Delta muliwai ʻo Pearl a me Yangtze River Delta i nā kūlanakauhale i ka waena a me ke komohana me nā kūlana maʻamau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e like me Huangshi ma ka moku ʻo Hubei, Guangde ma Anhui Panalāʻau, hoʻopiʻi i Sichuan Panalāʻau, etc. ʻO ka moku ʻo Delta Delta wai, ka moku ʻo Yangtze Delta e hoʻohana pono ai i kāna tālena, hoʻokele waiwai, kaulahao ʻoihana, a me nā huahana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā huahana i hoʻonui ʻia me ka waiwai nui.