Ishicilelwe Circuit Board, owaziwa nangokuthi Ibhodi Yesekethe Eliphrintiwe, Ibhodi Yesekethe Eliphrintiwe, Ibhodi Yesifunda Ephrintiwe. Isibonelo se-PCBS sivela ezinhlelweni zokushintshana ngocingo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 elalisebenzisa umqondo “weSekethe,” owawenziwa ngokusika ucwecwe lwensimbi kumqhubi bese ulinamathisela phakathi kwamashidi amabili ephepha lamatshe e-wax. Ngomqondo weqiniso we-PCB yazalwa ngawo-1930, isebenzisa UKUPHrinta kwe-elekthronikhi, okunezinto ezivikela ibhodi, kusikwe ngosayizi othize, okungenani ihluzo elilodwa lokuqhuba, nendwangu inembobo (njengembobo yengxenye, imbobo yokuqinisa, i-hole metallization, njll.), esetshenzisiwe esikhundleni sedivayisi yangaphambilini yezakhi ze-chassis, futhi ibone ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinto ze-elekthronikhi, Idlala indima yokudluliswa kokudluliswa, ingumzimba wokusekelwa wezinto ze-elektroniki, futhi yaziwa ngokuthi “umama wemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi”.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngobumnene bezinto eziyisisekelo:

Umthombo wedatha: Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yomphakathi

Isifunda esiphrintiwe sokusatshalaliswa kwemakethe yomhlaba

Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, ngokudluliswa komkhakha wolwazi lomhlaba jikelele osuka emazweni athuthukile uye emazweni asafufusa kanye nasemazweni asafufusa, i-Asia, ikakhulukazi iChina, iye yaba kancane kancane yaba isizinda somkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yolwazi esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngo-2016, imali engenayo yomkhakha wokukhiqiza ulwazi we-elekthronikhi waseChina ongaphezu kwesilinganiso esinqunyiwe yafinyelela kuma-yuan ayi-12.2 trillion, kukhuphuke u-8.4% unyaka nonyaka. Ngokufuduka kochungechunge lwemboni yolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, imboni ye-PCB, njengemboni yayo eyisisekelo, nayo igxile eMainland China, e-Southeast Asia nakwezinye izifunda zase-Asia. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, ngaphezu kwe-70% yenani lomkhiqizo le-PCB lomhlaba wonke lasatshalaliswa eMelika (ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika), eYurophu naseJapane. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, imboni ye-PCB ibilokhu iguqulela ukugxila kwayo e-Asia. Njengamanje, inani lokukhipha le-PCB e-Asia lisondele ku-90% womhlaba, ikakhulukazi eChina naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Kusukela ngo-2006, iChina idlule iJapane yaba ngumkhiqizi we-PCB omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, ngokukhishwa kwe-PCB nokukleliswa kokukhishwa kuqala emhlabeni. Eminyakeni yakamuva, umnotho womhlaba usesikhathini sokulungiswa okujulile. Indima yokushayela yeYurophu, i-United States, iJapane kanye neminye iminotho emikhulu ekukhuleni komnotho emhlabeni inciphe kakhulu, futhi imakethe ye-PCB kulawa mazwe inokukhula okulinganiselwe noma kuze kube nenkontileka. I-China iya ngokuya ihlanganiswe nomnotho womhlaba, futhi kancane kancane ithatha uhhafu wemakethe ye-PCB yomhlaba. Njengomkhiqizi omkhulu kunayo yonke wemboni ye-PCB emhlabeni, iChina yabalelwa ku-50.53% wenani eliphelele lokukhipha lemboni ye-PCB ngo-2017, lisuka ku-31.18% ngo-2008.

Umthombo wedatha: Ukuhlanganiswa kwedatha yomphakathi

Umkhuba omkhulu wemboni ohambela empumalanga, izwe elihlukile.

Ukugxila kwemboni ye-PCB kuhlala kuguquka kuya e-Asia, futhi amandla wokukhiqiza e-Asia aqhubeka nokushintshela ezwekazini, akha iphethini entsha yezimboni. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, ama-70% wenani lomkhiqizo le-PCB lomhlaba wonke lasatshalaliswa eYurophu, eMelika (ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika) naseJapane. Ngokudluliswa okuqhubekayo komthamo wokukhiqiza, inani lokukhipha le-PCB e-Asia liseduze nama-90% omhlaba, okuhola i-PCB emhlabeni, kanti izwe laseShayina selibe yisifunda esinamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza i-PCB emhlabeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, eminyakeni yamuva nje, umthamo wokukhiqiza e-Asia ukhombise umkhuba wokudlulisa usuka eJapane, eSouth Korea naseTaiwan uye ezweni lase China, okwenza umthamo wokukhiqiza we-PCB eMainland China ukhule ngezinga elingu-5% -7% ephakeme kunezinga lomhlaba jikelele. Ngo-2017, ukukhishwa kwe-PCB yaseChina kuzofinyelela kithi ama- $ 28.972 billion, okubalwa ngaphezu kuka-50% wenani lomhlaba jikelele.

Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-PCB waseYurophu, eMelika naseTaiwan uyaqhubeka nokudluliselwa ezweni ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezintathu ezilandelayo:

1. Izinqubomgomo zokuvikela imvelo emazweni asentshonalanga ziya ziba lukhuni, ziphoqa imboni ye-PCB enokukhishwa okuphezulu kakhulu ukuthi ihambe.

Ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe liqukethe ukungcola okusansimbi okusindayo, okuzobangela nakanjani ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kwasendaweni ekwenziweni. EYurophu nase-United States, izidingo zikahulumeni zokuvikela imvelo kubakhiqizi be-PCB ziphakeme kunezasekhaya. Ngaphansi kwezindinganiso eziqinile zokuvikelwa kwemvelo, amabhizinisi adinga ukusungula uhlelo oluphelele lokuvikela imvelo, oluzoholela ekwandeni kwezindleko zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwamabhizinisi, kukhuphule izindleko zokuphatha futhi kuthinte izinga lenzuzo yebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi baseYurophu nabaseMelika bagcina kuphela ibhizinisi le-PCB ngobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo okuqinile, okufana nezempi ne-Aerospace, nebhizinisi elincane leqoqo elisheshayo, futhi kunciphisa njalo ibhizinisi le-PCB ngokungcoliswa okuphezulu nenzuzo ephansi. Amandla okukhiqiza kule ngxenye yebhizinisi adlulisele e-Asia, lapho izidingo zezemvelo zingaxegisi futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezemvelo kuphansi. Izinqubomgomo eziqinile zemvelo ziphazamisa ukukhishwa kwamandla amasha. Abenzi be-PCB ngokuvamile bandisa umthamo ngokunweba izitshalo ezikhona noma ukuvula ezintsha. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvinjelwa kwesigaba sokuvikela imvelo kwandisa ubunzima bokukhethwa kwendawo yezitshalo; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanda kwezindleko kunciphisa izinga elilindelekile lokubuya kwephrojekthi, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwephrojekthi futhi kukhuphule nobunzima bokuqongelela imali. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezimbili ezingenhla, abakhiqizi baseYurophu nabaseMelika batshala imali kumaphrojekthi amasha ngejubane elincane kunabakhiqizi base-Asia, ngaleyo ndlela badedela umthamo omusha omncane, futhi basalele emuva kwe-Asia emandleni e-PCB. Mainland market obtains price advantage with relatively low labor cost, while western manufacturers tend to be inferior in price war.Izindleko zabasebenzi emakethe yezwekazi zinenzuzo yezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Yize iye yathuthuka kancane kancane eminyakeni yamuva, isephansi kakhulu kunezinga lamazwe athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States, futhi iphansi futhi kunezinga leJapan neNingizimu Korea. Ngokwenzuzo yabo ekusetshenzisweni kwemali yokuvikela imvelo kanye nezindleko zabasebenzi, abakhiqizi abasezweni laseChina bangathola izinzuzo zokuncintisana ngamanani aphansi kunalawo akwezinye izifunda, ngaleyo ndlela bandise isabelo semakethe.

2. I-China isiphenduke imakethe yabathengi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi izimboni ezikhuphukayo nezisehla ezisekelweni zisekela ngokugcwele izidingo zomkhakha we-PCB.

Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imboni yezokwazisa yaseChina ithuthuke ngokushesha futhi nezinga layo lezimboni belilokhu likhula. Ngo-2015, imboni yokukhiqiza imininingwane yabathengi yaseChina yazuza imali engenayo yebhizinisi eyi-11.1 trillion yuan, isendaweni yokuqala emhlabeni. Njengomunye wabathwali abaseduze kakhulu nemikhiqizo ebulalayo, isidingo se-PCB ezweni lase China sizoqhubeka nokukhula ngokuthandwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina engezansi. Ngakho-ke, uchungechunge oluphelele lwezimboni lwe “foil yethusi, ingilazi yefayibha, i-resin, ipuleti egqoke ithusi ne-PCB” selakhiwe ekugcineni kokuphakelwa kwezwekazi laseChina, elingahlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, iqhutshwa yisidingo, amandla wokukhiqiza embonini adluliselwa kahle ezweni.

3. Njengamanje, iChina isungule ibhande leqoqo le-PCB nge-pearl River Delta neYangtze River Delta njengezindawo eziyinhloko.

Ngokusho kweChina Printed Circuit Association CPCA, inani lamabhizinisi asembonini yasekhaya e-PCB ngo-2013 lalicishe libe yi-1,500, ikakhulu lisatshalaliswa ePearl River Delta, eYangtze River Delta naseBohai Rim esifundeni, iYangtze River Delta ne-pearl River Delta izifunda ezimbili ezabalelwa cishe ku-90 XNUMX I-XNUMX% yenani eliphelele lokukhipha le-PCB ezweni laseShayina. Amandla wokukhiqiza we-PCB enkabeni nasentshonalanga yeChina nawo ande ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezindleko zabasebenzi, amanye amabhizinisi e-PCB asuse amandla awo okukhiqiza ePearl River Delta naseYangtze River Delta aya emadolobheni asezindaweni eziphakathi nasentshonalanga anezimo eziyisisekelo ezingcono, njengeHuangshi esifundazweni saseHubei, I-Guangde esifundazweni sase-Anhui, i-suining esifundazweni sase-Sichuan, njll. Isifunda sePearl River Delta, isifunda iYangtze River Delta ukusizakala ngethalente laso, umnotho, uchungechunge lwezimboni, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlala njalo esezingeni eliphakeme kanye nemikhiqizo enezelwa kakhulu.