Yosindikizidwa Circuit Board, Wodziwika kuti Printed Circuit Board, Printed Circuit Board, Printed Circuit Board. Zithunzi za PCBS zidachokera kuzinthu zosinthana ndi matelefoni koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 zomwe zidagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la “Circuit,” lomwe lidapangidwa ndikudula zojambulazo zachitsulo mu kondakitala ndikuziyika pakati pa mapepala awiri amiyala ya sera. M’lingaliro lenileni la PCB lidabadwa m’ma 1930, limagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira amagetsi, okhala ndi zinthu zoyambira, kudula kukula kwake, ndi zithunzi zosasunthika chimodzi, ndipo nsalu ili ndi bowo (monga dzenje lachigawo, dzenje lolimbitsa, dzenje lazitsulo, ndi zina zambiri), logwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa zida zam’mbuyomu zamagalimoto, ndikuzindikira kulumikizana pakati pazinthu zamagetsi, Imagwira ntchito yotumizira opatsirana, ndi bungwe lothandizira pazinthu zamagetsi, ndipo amadziwika kuti “mayi wamagetsi”.

Gulu ndi kufewa kwa zinthu zoyambira:

Gwero lazidziwitso: Kuphatikizidwa kwa chidziwitso cha anthu

Kusindikizidwa dera PCB kugawa msika wadziko lonse

Kuchokera m’zaka za zana la 21, posamutsa makampani azamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera kumayiko otukuka kupita kumayiko akutukuka kumene ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, Asia, makamaka China, pang’onopang’ono yakhala maziko ofunikira kwambiri azopanga zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2016, ndalama zamakampani opanga zida zamagetsi zaku China pamwambapa zidafikira 12.2 trilioni yuan, mpaka 8.4% pachaka. Ndi kusamuka kwa unyolo wamagetsi wamagetsi, makampani a PCB, monga mafakitale ake, amathandizanso ku Mainland China, Southeast Asia ndi madera ena aku Asia. Pambuyo pa 2000, zoposa 70% zamtengo wapadziko lonse wa PCB zidagawidwa ku America (makamaka North America), Europe ndi Japan. Kuyambira zaka za m’ma 21, makampani a PCB akhala akusunthira ku Asia. Pakadali pano, kutulutsa kwake kwa PCB ku Asia kuli pafupifupi 90% yapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka ku China ndi Southeast Asia. Kuyambira 2006, China idutsa Japan kukhala wofalitsa wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa PCB, ndi kutulutsa kwa PCB ndi kutulutsa koyambira koyamba padziko lapansi. M’zaka zaposachedwa, chuma padziko lonse lapansi chili munthawi yosintha kwambiri. Udindo woyendetsa galimoto ku Europe, United States, Japan ndi zina zachuma zikuluzikulu pakukula kwachuma kwachepa kwambiri, ndipo msika wa PCB m’mayikowa uli ndi kukula kochepa kapena ngakhale mgwirizano. China ikuphatikizidwa kwambiri ndi chuma padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pang’onopang’ono imakhala theka la msika wapadziko lonse wa PCB. As the largest producer of PCB industry in the world, China accounted for 50.53% of the total output value of PCB industry in 2017, up from 31.18% in 2008.

Gwero lazidziwitso: Kuphatikizidwa kwa chidziwitso cha anthu

Mchitidwe waukulu wamakampani osunthira kummawa, mainland ndi apadera.

Cholinga cha mafakitale a PCB chimasinthira ku Asia, ndipo mphamvu zopanga ku Asia zikusunthiranso kumtunda, ndikupanga njira yatsopano yamafakitale. Pambuyo pa 2000, 70% yamtengo wapadziko lonse wa PCB idagawidwa ku Europe, America (makamaka North America) ndi Japan. Ndikusintha kopitilira muyeso kwa kupanga, phindu la PCB ku Asia lili pafupi ndi 90% yapadziko lonse lapansi, kutsogolera PCB padziko lapansi, pomwe dziko la China lakhala dera lokhala ndi ma PCB ambiri padziko lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, m’zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa zopanga ku Asia kwawonetsa njira yosamutsira ku Japan, South Korea ndi Taiwan kupita ku China, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu ya PCB ku Mainland China kukula pamlingo wa 5% -7% apamwamba kuposa dziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2017, China ya PCB linanena bungwe adzafika ife $ 28.972 biliyoni, mlandu oposa 50% ya okwana lonse.

Mphamvu yopanga ma PCB ku Europe, America ndi Taiwan ikupitilizabe kusamutsidwa kupita ku mainland pazifukwa zitatu izi:

1. Ndondomeko zachitetezo cha chilengedwe kumayiko akumadzulo zikuyamba kukhwimitsa, zomwe zikukakamiza makampani a PCB okhala ndi mpweya wambiri kuti asunthe.

Bolodi losindikizidwa lili ndi zoipitsa zazitsulo zolemera, zomwe mosakayikira zimayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe chakomweko pakupanga. Ku Europe ndi United States, zomwe boma limafunikira poteteza chilengedwe ndizoposa zapakhomo. Pansi pa miyezo yokhazikika yoteteza zachilengedwe, mabizinesi akuyenera kukhazikitsa njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera chilengedwe, yomwe ingabweretse kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zoteteza zachilengedwe m’makampani, kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndikukhudza kuchuluka kwamabungwe. Chifukwa chake, opanga aku Europe ndi America amangosunga bizinesi ya PCB ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso chinsinsi, monga gulu lankhondo ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndege, ndi bizinesi yaying’ono yolimba, ndipo amachepetsa bizinesi ya PCB ndi kuipitsa kwakukulu komanso phindu lochepa. Kuchulukitsa kwa gawo ili la bizinesi kwasamukira ku Asia, komwe zofunikira zachilengedwe ndizosavomerezeka ndipo kuwononga chilengedwe sikotsika. Ndondomeko zokhwima zachilengedwe zikulepheretsanso kutulutsa mphamvu zatsopano. Opanga ma PCB amatulutsa mphamvu pakukulitsa mbewu zomwe zilipo kale kapena kutsegula zatsopano. Koma mbali imodzi, kuletsa gawo lachitetezo cha chilengedwe kumakulitsa kuvuta kwa kusankha malo; Mbali inayi, kukwera kwa mtengo kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwakubweranso kwa ntchitoyi, kumafooketsa kuthekera kwa ntchitoyi ndikuwonjezera kuvuta kopezera ndalama. Chifukwa cha zifukwa ziwiri zapamwambazi, opanga aku Europe ndi America amagulitsa ndalama kumapulojekiti atsopano pang’onopang’ono kuposa opanga aku Asia, potero amatulutsa mphamvu zochepa, ndikutsalira Asia mu PCB. Mainland market obtains price advantage with relatively low labor cost, while western manufacturers tend to be inferior in price war.Mtengo wogwira ntchito pamsika wamsika uli ndi mwayi wotsika mtengo. Ngakhale zasintha pang’onopang’ono m’zaka zaposachedwa, ikadali yotsikirako poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka ku Europe ndi United States, komanso kutsika kwa Japan ndi South Korea. Pogwiritsa ntchito zabwino zomwe amawononga poteteza zachilengedwe ndi zolipirira ntchito, opanga ku China bara atha kupeza zabwino zotsutsana ndi mitengo yotsika poyerekeza ndi yamagawo ena, motero kukulitsa gawo pamsika.

2. China yakhala msika waukulu kwambiri wamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo unyolo wakumtunda ndi kutsika kwa mafakitale ukuthandizira zosowa za makampani a PCB.

M’zaka khumi zapitazi, makampani opanga zamagetsi aku China adakula mwachangu ndipo mafakitale awo akukulira. Mu 2015, makampani opanga zida zamagetsi aku China adakwanitsa kupeza bizinesi yayikulu yokwana 11.1 trilioni yuan, kukhala woyamba padziko lapansi. Monga m’modzi wonyamula pafupi kwambiri ndi zinthu zosafunikira, kufunika kwa PCB ku China kumtunda kukupitilizabe kukula ndikutchuka kwa zinthu zotsika kumapeto. Chifukwa chake, unyolo wathunthu wamafuta wa “zojambulazo zamkuwa, zotsekemera zamagalasi, utomoni, mbale zokutira ndi PCB” zapangidwa kumapeto kwa dziko la China, lomwe lingakwaniritse zofuna zomwe zikukula. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chofunidwa, mphamvu zakapangidwe kazantchito zimasamutsidwa kumtunda.

3. Pakadali pano, China yapanga lamba wamagulu opanga ma PCB ndi ngale ya Delta River ndi Yangtze River Delta ngati madera oyambira.

Malinga ndi China Printed Circuit Association CPCA, kuchuluka kwamakampani opanga ma PCB ku 2013 anali pafupifupi 1,500, makamaka omwe amagawidwa ku Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta ndi dera la Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta ndi pearl River Delta zigawo ziwiri. 90% yamtengo wathunthu wa PCB ku China. Kutulutsa kwa PCB pakatikati ndi kumadzulo kwa China kwawonjezeka mwachangu mzaka zaposachedwa. M’zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa chakukwera kwantchito, mabungwe ena a PCB asuntha mphamvu zawo zopanga kuchokera ku Pearl River Delta ndi Yangtze River Delta kupita kumizinda yomwe ili m’chigawo chapakati ndi chakumadzulo ndi zinthu zabwino, monga Huangshi m’chigawo cha Hubei, Guangde m’chigawo cha Anhui, kuyimba m’chigawo cha Sichuan, ndi zina zambiri. Dera la Pearl River Delta, dera la Yangtze River Delta kuti ligwiritse ntchito luso lake, chuma, unyolo wamakampani, komanso zinthu zotsika kwambiri komanso zopindulitsa.