Ishicilelwe yiBhodi yeSekethe, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiBhodi yeeSekethi eziprintiweyo, iBhodi yeeSekethi eziprintiweyo, iBhodi yeeSekethi eziprintiweyo. Iprototype yePCBS yavela kwiinkqubo zotshintshiselwano ngefowuni ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eyayisebenzisa umba “weSekethe,” eyayenziwe ngokusika ifoyile yentsimbi kumqhubi kwaye iyincamathelise phakathi kwamaphepha amabini ephepha lelitye le-wax. Ngokwenyani ye-PCB yazalwa ngo-1930, isebenzisa imveliso yoshicilelo ngombane, ngezinto zokwambathisa ibhodi, isikwe kubungakanani obuthile, ubuncinci iigrafiki ezizizo, nelaphu linomngxunya (njengembobo yomngxunya, umngxuma wokuqinisa, umngxunya wentsimbi, njl. Idlala indima yosasazo lokuhambisa, ngumzimba wenkxaso wezinto ze-elektroniki, kwaye yaziwa ngokuba “ngumama weemveliso ze-elektroniki”.

Ukwahlula ngokuthamba kwezinto ezisisiseko:

Umthombo wedatha: Ukudityaniswa kwedatha yoluntu

Ukuprintwa kweemarike zehlabathi zeSekethe eziprintiweyo

Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, ngokutshintshwa kweshishini lolwazi lwe-elektroniki ukusuka kumazwe aphuhlileyo ukuya kumazwe asakhasayo nakumazwe asakhasayo, iAsia, ngakumbi iTshayina, iye ngokuthe ngcembe yaba lelona lizwe libalulekileyo kwimveliso yemveliso yolwazi. Ngo-2016, ingeniso ye-China yokuvelisa ulwazi lwe-elektroniki ngaphezu kwesikali esichongiweyo yafikelela kwi-12.2 yezigidi zeerandi, yenyuka nge-8.4% ngonyaka. Kunye nokufuduka kolwazi kushishino ulwazi ngecomputer, icandelo lePCB, njengeshishini lalo elisisiseko, nalo lijolise kwi-Mainland China, Southeast Asia kunye neminye imimandla yaseAsia. Phambi ko-2000, ngaphezulu kwe-70% yexabiso lokukhutshwa kwePCB lasasazwa eMelika (ikakhulu eMntla Melika), eYurophu naseJapan. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yama-21, ishishini le-PCB liguqula ukujolisa kwalo kwi-Asiya. Okwangoku, ixabiso imveliso PCB e Asia ikufutshane 90% zehlabathi, ingakumbi China kunye mpuma Asia. Ukusukela ngo-2006, i-China igqithile eJapan ukuba ibe ngumvelisi we-PCB omkhulu emhlabeni, kunye nemveliso ye-PCB kunye nenqanaba lokukhutshwa okokuqala emhlabeni. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uqoqosho lwehlabathi lukwixesha lohlengahlengiso olunzulu. Indima yokuqhuba kweYurophu, eUnited States, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe anoqoqosho olukhulu kuhlumo loqoqosho lwehlabathi buthathaka kakhulu, kwaye imakethi ye-PCB kula mazwe inokukhula okulinganiselweyo okanye nokungena kwisivumelwano. I-China iyanda ngokudityaniswa noqoqosho lwehlabathi, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ithatha isiqingatha sentengiso ye-PCB yehlabathi. Njengoko umvelisi inkulu kushishino PCB ehlabathini, China accounted for 50.53% yexabiso lilonke imveliso kushishino PCB ngo-2017, ukusuka 31.18% ngo-2008.

Umthombo wedatha: Ukudityaniswa kwedatha yoluntu

Umkhwa omkhulu wemizi-mveliso ohamba usiya empuma, ilizwekazi lahlukile.

Ujoliso kumzi-mveliso we-PCB uhlala utshintshela e-Asiya, kwaye amandla emveliso e-Asiya ayaqhubeka ukuya kwilizwekazi, esenza ipateni entsha yemizi-mveliso. Phambi ko-2000, iipesenti ezingama-70 zexabiso lemveliso yePCB lasasazwa eYurophu, eMelika (ikakhulu eMntla Melika) naseJapan. Ngogqithiso oluqhubekayo lomthamo wemveliso, ixabiso lokuvelisa i-PCB eAsia lisondele kwiipesenti ezingama-90 zehlabathi, zikhokela i-PCB emhlabeni, ngelixa ilizwe laseTshayina libe ngummandla oneyona mveliso iphezulu ye-PCB emhlabeni. Kwangelo xesha, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amandla emveliso eAsia abonakalise imeko yokufudusa isuka eJapan, eSouth Korea naseTaiwan iye kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, elenza ukuba amandla emveliso yePCB kwilizwe laseTshayina akhule ngezinga le-5% -7% ngaphezulu kwenqanaba lehlabathi. Ngo-2017, imveliso PCB China iza ukufikelela kuthi $ 28.972 billion, accounting ngaphezu kwama-50% yetotali jikelele.

Umthamo wemveliso ye-PCB eYurophu, eMelika naseTaiwan iyaqhubeka nokudluliselwa kwilizwekazi ngezi zizathu zilandelayo:

1. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo kumazwe asentshona iya isiba ngqongqo ngakumbi, inyanzelisa ishishini le-PCB ngokukhupha izinto ezingcolileyo ukuba zihambe.

Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo iqulethe ukungcola kwesinyithi okunzima, nto leyo eya kuthi ibangele ungcoliseko lwendalo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. EYurophu naseMelika, iimfuno zokhuselo lokusingqongileyo zikarhulumente kubavelisi bePCB ziphezulu kunasekhaya. Phantsi kwemigangatho engqongqo yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo, amashishini kufuneka aseke inkqubo egqibeleleyo ngakumbi yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo, eya kuthi ikhokelele ekunyukeni kweendleko zokhuselo lokusingqongileyo kumashishini, ukunyusa iindleko zolawulo kunye nokuchaphazela inqanaba leenzuzo zeshishini. Ke ngoko, abenzi baseYurophu nabaseMelika bagcina kuphela ishishini le-PCB ngobuchwephesha obuphezulu kunye nokugcinwa okuyimfihlo, okufana nomkhosi kunye ne-aerospace, kunye nebhizinisi elincinci lebhodi ekhawulezayo, kwaye rhoqo ukunciphisa ishishini le-PCB ngongcoliseko oluphezulu kunye nenzuzo ephantsi. Amandla emveliso kweli candelo leshishini atshintshele eAsia, apho iimfuno zokusingqongileyo zikhululekile kwaye inkcitho yezendalo iphantsi. Imigaqo-nkqubo engqongileyo ikuthintela ukukhutshwa kwamandla amatsha. Abenzi be-PCB ngokwandisa amandla ngokwandisa izityalo esele zikhona okanye ngokuvula ezintsha. Kodwa kwelinye icala, ukuthintelwa kwegatya lokhuselo lokusingqongileyo kwandisa ubunzima bokukhethwa kwesiza sezityalo; Kwelinye icala, ukwanda kweendleko kunciphisa izinga elilindelekileyo lokubuya kweprojekthi, buthathaka ubukho beprojekthi kwaye bonyusa ubunzima bokufumana imali. Ngenxa yezi zizathu zimbini zingasentla, abavelisi baseYurophu nabaseMelika batyala imali kwiiprojekthi ezintsha ngesantya esiphantsi kunabavelisi baseAsia, yiyo loo nto bekhulula amandla amatsha, kwaye bewela ngasemva kweAsia kumthamo wePCB. Mainland market obtains price advantage with relatively low labor cost, while western manufacturers tend to be inferior in price war.Iindleko zabasebenzi kwimarike yelizwekazi zinexabiso eliphantsi. Nangona iye yaphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe kule minyaka idlulileyo, isephantsi kakhulu kunenqanaba lamazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu naseMelika, kwaye iphantsi nangaphantsi kwenqanaba laseJapan nelaseMzantsi Korea. Ngenxa yesibonelelo sabo kwinkcitho yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko zabasebenzi, abavelisi kwilizwekazi lase China banokufumana izibonelelo ezikhuphisanayo ngamaxabiso asezantsi kunalawo akweminye imimandla, oko kusandisa isabelo sentengiso.

2. I-China iye yaba yeyona ntengiso inkulu ye-elektroniki yabathengi, kwaye unyuko nolwasezantsi lwamashishini amatyathanga axhasa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zeshishini le-PCB.

Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, icandelo lezobuchwephesha lase China likhule ngokukhawuleza kwaye umlinganiso walo kwimizi-mveliso ubusanda. Ngo-2015, ishishini lokuvelisa ulwazi lwe-elektroniki lwabathengi lase-China liphumelele kwingeniso ephambili yeshishini ye-11.1 yezigidigidi ze-yuan, ikwindawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Njengomnye wabathwali abakufutshane neemveliso zetheminali, ibango le-PCB kwilizwe lase China liya kuqhubeka nokukhula ngokuthandwa kweemveliso zesiphelo esisezantsi. Ngokuhambelana, ikhonkco elipheleleyo lezemveliso “lefoyile yobhedu, ifayibha yeglasi, intlaka, ityhubhu enxibe i-PCB kunye ne-PCB” iye yasekwa ekupheleni kokubonelelwa kwelizwe lase China, elinokuhlangabezana nemfuno ekhulayo yemveliso. Ke ngoko, ziqhutywa yimfuno, amandla emveliso yecandelo ahanjiswe kakuhle ukuya kwilizwekazi.

3. Okwangoku, i-China iseke icandelo le-PCB yebhanti ene-pearl River Delta kunye ne-Yangtze River Delta njengeendawo eziphambili.

Ngokwe-China Printed Circuit Association CPCA, inani lamashishini oshishino lwe-PCB asekhaya ngo-2013 lalimalunga ne-1,500, ikakhulu lisasazwa kwi-Pearl River Delta, kwiYangtze River Delta kunye nase-Bohai Rim, i-Yangtze River Delta kunye ne-pearl River Delta kwimimandla emibini enika ingxelo malunga I-90% yexabiso elipheleleyo lemveliso ye-PCB kwilizwe laseTshayina. Amandla emveliso yePCB kumbindi nasentshona China nayo ikhule ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko zabasebenzi, amanye amashishini e-PCB afudusele amandla awo kwimveliso ukusuka ePearl River Delta naseYangtze River Delta ukuya ezixekweni ezikumbindi nasentshona zineemeko ezingcono ezingcono, ezinjengeHuangshi kwiphondo laseHubei, Guangde kwiPhondo Anhui, suining kwiPhondo Sichuan, njl Umda wePearl River Delta, ummandla weYangtze River Delta ukuthatha ithuba ngetalente, uqoqosho, ishishini kwikhonkco, kunye neemveliso ezinesiphelo esiphakamileyo kunye neemveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu.