Pakadali pano, liwiro PCB kapangidwe kake kamagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizirana, makompyuta, kukonza zithunzi, ndi zina. Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana popanga ma PCBS othamanga kwambiri m’malo amenewa.

M’munda wama telefoni, kapangidwe kake ndi kovuta kwambiri, ndipo liwiro lakutumiza lakhala lokwera kwambiri kuposa 500Mbps pazogwiritsa ntchito deta, mawu, ndi zithunzi. Pankhani yolumikizana, anthu akutsata kukhazikitsidwa kwachangu kwa zinthu zogwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake siwoyamba. Adzagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zochulukirapo, zigawo zamagetsi zokwanira, ndi zigawo zina pamzere uliwonse wazizindikiro zomwe zingakhale ndi mavuto othamanga kwambiri. Ali ndi akatswiri a SI (Signal umphumphu) ndi EMC (zamagetsi zamagetsi) kuti azigwiritsa ntchito poyeserera ndi kusanthula makina, ndipo aliyense wopanga mainjiniya amatsatira malamulo okhwima pamakampani. Chifukwa chake akatswiri opanga mapangidwe olumikizirana nthawi zambiri amatengera njirayi yopanga ma PCB othamanga kwambiri.

Mapangidwe amama board pamakompyuta apanyumba ndi ena mopitilira muyeso, mtengo wake komanso kugwira ntchito kwawo koposa zonse, opanga nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito tchipisi cha CPU mwachangu kwambiri, chokwanira kwambiri, ukadaulo wokumbukira, ndi ma module ojambula zithunzi kupanga makompyuta ovuta kwambiri. Ndipo ma boardboard apakompyuta nthawi zambiri amakhala matabwa 4, mawonekedwe ena othamanga kwambiri a PCB ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pamundawu, chifukwa chake akatswiri opanga makompyuta kunyumba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira kuti apange matabwa a PCB othamanga kwambiri, amayenera kuphunzira momwe zinthu zilili zakapangidwe kothana ndi mavuto othamanga kwambiri omwe amakhalapodi.

Mapangidwe apamwamba a PCB othamanga atha kukhala osiyana. Opanga zigawo zikuluzikulu mu PCB yothamanga kwambiri (CPU, DSP, FPGA, tchipisi todziwika ndi mafakitale, ndi zina zambiri) apereka zida zopangira tchipisi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa mwa mawonekedwe owongolera ndi kapangidwe kake. Komabe, pali mavuto awiri: choyamba, pali njira yomwe opanga zida kuti amvetsetse ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukhulupirika kwa siginecha, ndipo mainjiniya amachitidwe nthawi zonse amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito tchipisi tating’onoting’ono tatsopano nthawi yoyamba, motero malangizo opangira opangidwa ndi opanga zida sangakhale okhwima. Chifukwa chake opanga zida zina amatulutsa mitundu ingapo yamapangidwe apangidwe munthawi zosiyanasiyana. Kachiwiri, zovuta zomwe amapangidwa ndi omwe amapanga zida nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo zitha kukhala zovuta kuti wopanga mapulaniwo akwaniritse malamulo onse opanga. Komabe, pakalibe zida zowunikira zoyeserera komanso maziko a zopewazi, kukhutitsa zopinga zonse ndiye njira yokhayo yopangira ma liwiro a PCB, ndipo njira yotereyi amatchedwa zopinga zochulukirapo.

Kapangidwe ka ndege zakumbuyo zafotokozedwa zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma resistor okwera pamwamba kuti zikwaniritse zofanana. Oposa 200 mwa ma resistor omwewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa board board. Ingoganizirani ngati mungapangire mitundu 10 ndikusintha ma resistor 200 kuti muwonetsetse masewera omaliza abwino, ndi ntchito yayikulu. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, palibe kusintha kamodzi kotsutsa komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa pulogalamu ya SI.

Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera mawonekedwe othamanga kwambiri a PCB pakupanga ndi kusanthula pamapangidwe apachiyambi, kuti ikhale gawo lofunikira pakupanga ndi chitukuko chathunthu.