PCB bedradingmetoaden bliuwe ferbetterje, en fleksibele bedradingstechniken kinne draadlengte ferminderje en mear PCB -romte frijmeitsje. Konvinsjonele PCB -bedrading wurdt beheind troch fêste draadkoördinaten en it gebrek oan willekeurich hoeke draden. It fuortheljen fan dizze beheiningen kin de kwaliteit fan bedrading signifikant ferbetterje.

Let’s start with some terminology. Wy definiearje willekeurige hoeke bedrading as draadbedrading mei willekeurige hoeksegmenten en radialen. It is in soarte fan draadbedrading, mar is net beheind ta it brûken fan allinich segminten fan 90 graden en 45 graden hoeke. Topological wiring is wire wiring that does not adhere to grids and coordinates and does not use regular or irregular grids like shape-based wiring. Litte wy de term fleksibele bedrading definiearje as draadbedrading sûnder fêste foarm wêrtroch herberekkening yn realtime fan draadfoarm de folgjende transformaasjemooglikheden kin berikke. Allinnich bôgen fan obstakels en har mienskiplike tangens wurde brûkt om de linefoarm te foarmjen. (Obstacles include pins, copper foil, forbidden areas, holes and other objects) part of the circuit of two PCB models. De griene en reade triedden rinne op ferskate lagen fan it PCB -model. The blue circles are the perforations. The red element is highlighted. There are also some red round pins. Use only line segments and models with an Angle of 90 degrees between them. Figuer 1B is in PCB -model mei bôgen en willekeurige hoeken. Wiring at any Angle may seem strange, but it does have many advantages. The way it is wired is very similar to how engineers wired it by hand half a century ago. Toant in echte PCB ûntwikkele yn 1972 troch in Amerikaansk bedriuw mei de namme Digibarn foar folsleine hânbedrading. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. De willekeurige hoeke -bedrading werjûn yn figuer 2 is eins gelyk. Wêrom soene se willekeurige hoeke -bedrading brûke? Om’t dit soarte bedrading in protte foardielen hat. Arbitrary Angle wiring has many advantages. As earste besparret it net brûken fan de hoeken tusken rigelsegmenten PCB -romte (polygonen nimme altyd mear romte yn dan tanginten). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). By bedrading by elke hoeke is d’r lykwols genôch romte om 4 draden op itselde paad te lizzen sûnder kontrôle fan ûntwerpregel (DRC) te skeinen. Stel dat wy in chip foar positive modus hawwe en de chippinnen wolle ferbine mei twa oare pins. Using only 90 degrees takes up a lot of space. Gebrûk fan willekeurige hoeke bedrading kin de ôfstân tusken de chip en oare pinnen koarter meitsje, wylst de foetôfdruk wurdt fermindere. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. De chip draaie op elke hoeke kin ek bettere resultaten leverje. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. It shows a real PCB. Arbitrary Angle wiring with rotating chip function is the only wiring method for this circuit board. Dit is net allinich in teory, mar ek in praktyske oplossing (soms de ienige mooglike oplossing). Shows an example of a simple PCB. Topology cabler -resultaten, wylst automatyske cabler -resultaten basearre op optimale foarm foto’s binne fan ‘e eigentlike PCB. An automatic cabler based on optimal shape cannot do this because the components are rotated at arbitrary angles. Jo hawwe mear gebiet nedich, en as jo de komponinten net draaie, moat it apparaat grutter makke wurde. Layoutprestaasjes soene sterk wurde ferbettere sûnder parallelle segminten, dy’t faaks in boarne binne fan oerspraak. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. As the spacing between parallel wires increases, crosstalk decreases quadratic. Let’s set the level of crosstalk produced by two parallel 1mm wires spaced d to e. As d’r in hoeke is tusken de tried segminten, dan sil as dizze hoeke tanimt, it nivo fan oerspraak ferminderje. The crosstalk does not depend on the length of the wire, but only on the Angle value: where α represents the Angle between the wire segments. Beskôgje de folgjende trije bedradingmetoaden. On the left side of Figure 8 (90 degree layout), there is the maximum wire length and the maximum emi value due to parallel line segments. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. On the right-hand side (at any Angle), the wire length is shortest and there are no parallel wire segments, so the interference value is negligible. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. You also remember the effect on signal delay (conductors should not be parallel and should not be perpendicular to the PCB fiberglass). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. De kabel berekkent automatysk de optimale foarm fan ‘e draad (rekken hâldend mei de nedige feiligensôfstân). Fleksibele bekabeling kin dêrom de tiid dy’t nedich is foar it bewurkjen fan ‘e topology sterk ferminderje, en kin meardere opnij helpe om beheiningen te foldwaan. Dit toant in PCB -ûntwerp dat troch gatten en takpunten beweecht. Tidens automatyske beweging wurde draadtakpunten en trochgatten oanpast oan ‘e optimale posysje. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. As in paad wurdt fûn, is it fêst en wurdt it diel fan ‘e doalhôf. It neidiel fan opienfolgjende bedrading is dat it bedradingsresultaat kin ôfhingje fan ‘e bedrading folchoarder. As topologyske kwaliteit noch lang net perfekt is, komt it probleem fan “fêsthâlde” op lokaal lytse gebieten. But no matter which wire you rewire, it’s not going to improve the quality of the wiring. This is a serious problem in all CAD systems using sequential optimization. This is where the bending elimination process is useful. Wire -bûging ferwiist nei it ferskynsel dat in draad yn ien netwurk om in foarwerp op in oar netwurk moat rinne om tagong te krijen ta in objekt. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. In foarbyld fan bûgen wurdt werjûn. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Resultaten foar automatyske ferwurking wurde werjûn. In the second case (on another layer), a lighted green wire is automatically rewired by changing the wiring layer (from green to red). Eliminate wire bending by automatically optimizing wire shape (approximate arcs with line segments just to show any Angle examples without arcs). (top) original design, (bottom) after eliminating bending design. Reade bûgde triedden wurde markearre. Yn in Steiner -beam moatte alle rigels as segminten ferbûn wêze mei hoekpunten (einpunten en tafoegings). Oan ‘e boppekant fan elke nije hoekpunt moatte trije segminten konvergearje en net mear dan trije segminten moatte einigje. The Angle between the line segments that converge to the vertex shall not be less than 120 degrees. It is net heul lestich om in Steiner te bouwen mei dizze foldwaande betingste eigenskippen, mar it is net needsaaklik minimaal. Gray Steiner trees are not optimal, but black Steiner trees are. Yn praktysk kommunikaasje -ûntwerp moatte ferskate soarten obstakels wurde beskôge. Se beheine de mooglikheid om minimale spannende beammen te bouwen mei sawol algoritmen as Steinerbeammen mei geometryske metoaden. The obstacles are shown in gray and we recommend starting at any end vertex. If there is more than one adjacent terminating vertex, you should choose one that allows you to continue using the second vertex. It depends on the Angle. It haadmeganisme hjir is in op krêft basearre algoritme dat de krêften berekkent dy’t op ‘e nije hoekpunten ynwurkje en se herhaaldelijk nei in lykwichtpunt ferpleatse (de grutte en rjochting fan’ e krêften binne ôfhinklik fan ‘e draden by de oangrinzjende tûkepunten). As de hoeke tusken in pear rigelsegminten ferbûn mei in hoekpunt (einpunt of tafoeging) minder dan 120 graden is, kin in ôfdielingspunt wurde tafoege, en dan kin in meganysk algoritme wurde brûkt om de hoekpuntsposysje te optimalisearjen. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. After adding a new node, you should check the minimum of a subnet consisting of four pins:

1. If a vertex is added to the vicinity of another newly added vertex, check for the smallest four-pin network.

2. If the four-pin network is not minimal, select a pair of “diagonal” (belonging to the quadrilateral diagonal) endpoints or virtual terminal nodes (virtual terminal nodes – wire bends).

3. The line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the nearest new vertex is replaced by the line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the distant new vertex.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

This method does not guarantee to build the smallest network, but compared with other methods, it can achieve the smallest network length without grazing. It soarget ek foar gebieten wêr’t einpuntferbiningen binne ferbean, en it oantal einpuntknopen kin willekeurich wêze.

Flexible wiring at any Angle has some other interesting advantages. For example, if you can automatically move many objects with the help of automatic real-time wire shape recalculation, you can create parallel serpentine lines. This cabling method makes better use of space, minimizes the number of iterations, and allows for flexible use of tolerances. If there are two serpentine lines interlaced with each other, the automatic cabler will reduce the length of one or both, depending on rule priority.

Consider the wiring of BGA components. In the traditional peripheral-to-center approach, the number of channels to the periphery is reduced by 8 with each successive layer (due to a reduction in perimeter). For example, a 28x28mm component with 784 pins requires 10 layers. Guon fan ‘e lagen yn it diagram binne bedrading ûntkommen. Figuer 16 toant in kwart fan in BGA. Tagelyk, by it brûken fan de bedradingmetoade “sintrum nei perifery”, feroaret it oantal kanalen dat nedich is om út te gean nei de perifery net fan laach nei laach. Dit sil it oantal lagen sterk ferminderje. Foar in komponintgrutte fan 28x28mm binne 7 lagen genôch. Foar gruttere komponinten is it in win-win. Figure 17 shows a quarter of the BGA. An example of BGA wiring is shown. When using the “center to periphery” cabling approach, we can complete the cabling of all networks. Arbitrêre hoeke topologyske automatyske kabel kin dit dwaan. Traditional automatic cablers cannot route this example. Shows an example of a real PCB where the engineer reduced the number of signal layers from 6 to 4 (compared to the specification). In addition, it took engineers only half a day to complete the wiring of the PCB.