PCB Njira zolumikizira zingwe zikupitabe patsogolo, ndipo njira zosinthira zingwe zingachepetse kutalika kwa waya ndikumasula malo ambiri a PCB. Kulumikizana kwa PCB wamba kumangokhala kocheperako ndi ma waya okhazikika komanso kusowa kwa mawaya okhotakhota. Kuchotsa zolepheretsazi kumatha kusintha kwambiri kulumikizana kwa zingwe.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawu ena. Timafotokozera zingwe zosanjikizika za zingwe ngati zingwe zama waya pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo za Angle ndi ma radians. Ndi mtundu wa zingwe, koma sikuti umangogwiritsa ntchito magawo a 90 degree ndi 45 degree Angle line. Kulumikizana kwam’mwamba ndi waya wolumikizana ndi waya wosagwirizana ndi ma gridi komanso ogwirizana ndipo sagwiritsa ntchito ma grid okhazikika kapena osakhazikika ngati zingwe zopangira mawonekedwe. Tiyeni tifotokozere za mawu akuti zingwe zosinthika monga zingwe zama waya popanda mawonekedwe okhazikika omwe amathandizira kuwerengera kwama waya pompopompo kuti akwaniritse zosintha zotsatirazi. Ndi ma arcs okha omwe ali ndi zopinga komanso ma tangents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mzerewo. (Zopinga zikuphatikiza zikhomo, zojambulazo zamkuwa, malo oletsedwa, mabowo ndi zinthu zina) gawo lazoyendera zamitundu iwiri ya PCB. Mawaya obiriwira ndi ofiira amayenda mosiyanasiyana pamayendedwe a PCB. Mabwalo abuluu ndi omwe amapangika. Chofiyira chikuwonetsedwa. There are also some red round pins. Gwiritsani ntchito zigawo zokha ndi mitundu yokhala ndi Angle ya madigiri 90 pakati pawo. Chithunzi 1B ndi mtundu wa PCB wogwiritsa ntchito ma arcs ndi ma angle osasunthika. Kulumikizana pamakona aliwonse kumawoneka ngati kwachilendo, koma kuli ndi maubwino ambiri. Momwe imalumikizidwira ndikofanana kwambiri ndi momwe mainjiniya adalumikizira ndi dzanja zaka makumi asanu zapitazo. Ikuwonetsa PCB yeniyeni yopangidwa mu 1972 ndi kampani yaku America yotchedwa Digibarn yolumikizira kwathunthu. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. Kulumikizana kosakondera komwe kumawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2 ndikofanana. Chifukwa chiyani angagwiritse ntchito zingwe zopanda malire za Angle? Chifukwa mtundu uwu wa zingwe uli ndi maubwino ambiri. Kulumikizana kwa Angle kosasunthika kuli ndi maubwino ambiri. Choyamba, kusagwiritsa ntchito ma angles pakati pazigawo za mzere kumasunga malo a PCB (ma polygoni nthawi zonse amatenga malo ochulukirapo kuposa ma tangents). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). Komabe, mukalumikiza waya pamakona aliwonse, pali malo okwanira kuyika mawaya anayi panjira yomweyo popanda kuphwanya malamulo oyang’anira mapangidwe (DRC). Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi njira yabwino ndipo tikufuna kulumikiza zikhomo ndi mapini ena awiri. Using only 90 degrees takes up a lot of space. Kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zopingasa za Angle kumatha kufupikitsa mtunda pakati pa chip ndi zikhomo zina, ndikuchepetsa zotsalira. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. Kusinthasintha chip nthawi iliyonse kungaperekenso zotsatira zabwino. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. Ikuwonetsa PCB yeniyeni. Kulumikizana kwa Angle kosasunthika komwe kumagwira ntchito yozungulira ndiyo njira yokhayo yolumikizira bolodi ili. Izi sizongopeka chabe, komanso yankho lothandiza (nthawi zina njira yokhayo yothetsera). Ikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha PCB yosavuta. Zotsatira za topology cabler, pomwe zotsatira zama cabler kutengera mawonekedwe abwino ndi zithunzi za PCB yeniyeni. An automatic cabler based on optimal shape cannot do this because the components are rotated at arbitrary angles. Mukufuna malo ambiri, ndipo ngati simusinthasintha zinthuzo, chipangizocho chimayenera kukulitsidwa. Magwiridwe antchito adakonzedwa bwino popanda magawo ofanana, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala gwero la crosstalk. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. As the spacing between parallel wires increases, crosstalk decreases quadratic. Tiyeni tikweze mulingo wa crosstalk wopangidwa ndi mawaya awiri ofanana a 1mm omwe amakhala pakati pa e. Ngati pali Angle pakati pama waya, ndiye kuti ngodya iyi ikuchulukirachulukira, gawo la crosstalk lidzatsika. Khosilo silidalira kutalika kwa waya, koma pamtengo wa Angle: pomwe α imayimira Angle pakati pazigawo zazingwe. Taonani njira zitatu zotsatirazi. Kudzanja lamanzere la Chithunzi 8 (masanjidwe 90), pali kutalika kwazitali zazitali zazitali zazitali zamaimidwe chifukwa cha magawo amizere yofanana. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. Kudzanja lamanja (pa ngodya iliyonse), kutalika kwa waya ndi kofupikitsa ndipo kulibe zigawo zama waya zomwe zikugwirizana, chifukwa chake kulowererapo kumakhala kochepa. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. Mukumbukiranso zakuchedwa kwa ma siginolo (otsogolera sayenera kufanana ndipo sayenera kukhala owonera pa fiberglass ya PCB). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. Chingwechi chimangowerengera mawonekedwe abwino a waya (poganizira chilolezo chachitetezo). Kukhazikika kosavuta kotere kumatha kuchepetsa nthawi yofunikira kuti musinthe zam’mwambazi, ndikuthandizira kuwongolera zingapo kuti zikwaniritse zovuta. Izi zikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka PCB kamene kamadutsa m’mabowo ndi nthambi. Pakusunthira kwazokha, maofesi a nthambi zama waya ndi mabowo amasinthidwa kukhala malo oyenera. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. Njira ikapezeka, imakonzedwa ndikukhala gawo la mayendedwe. Chosavuta cha zingwe zotsatizana ndikuti zotsatira za zingwe zimadalira dongosolo la zingwe. Ngati mawonekedwe azithunzithunzi akadali opanda vuto, vuto la “kukakamira” limachitika mdera laling’ono. Koma ngakhale utagwiritsanso ntchito waya uti, sikuti ulusiwo ukhale wabwino. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu pamakina onse a CAD ogwiritsa ntchito motsatizana. Apa ndipomwe njira yokhotakhotakhota imathandiza. Kupinda kwama waya kumatanthawuza chodabwitsa chomwe waya m’maneti amodzi amayenera kuzungulira chinthu china pa netiweki kuti apeze chinthu. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. Chitsanzo cha kupindika chikuwonetsedwa. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Zotsatira zokhazokha zikuwonetsedwa. Kachiwiri (pamtundu wina), waya wobiriwira wonyezimira umasinthidwa ndikusintha chingwe (kuyambira chobiriwira mpaka chofiira). Chotsani kupindika kwa waya ndikusintha mawonekedwe amtundu wa waya (pafupifupi ma arcs okhala ndi zigawo kuti angonetse zitsanzo za Angle zopanda ma arcs). (pamwamba) kapangidwe koyambirira, (pansi) atachotsa kupindika. Mawaya ofiira ofiira awonetsedwa. Mumtengo wa Steiner, mizere yonse iyenera kulumikizidwa ngati zigawo zamatanthwe (kumapeto ndi zowonjezera). Pamwamba pa vertex yatsopano iliyonse, magawo atatu amayenera kutembenuka ndipo osapitilira magawo atatu ayenera kutha. Ngodya pakati pazigawo za mzere zomwe zimasamukira ku vertex sizikhala zosakwana madigiri 120. Sizovuta kwenikweni kupanga Steiner ndimikhalidwe yokwanira iyi, koma sikuti ndiyochepa kwenikweni. Mitengo ya Grey Steiner siyabwino kwenikweni, koma mitengo yakuda ya Steiner ndiyomweyi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana, zopinga zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Amalepheretsa kumanga mitengo yocheperako pogwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms ndi Steiner mitengo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonekera. Zolepheretsazo zikuwonetsedwa zakuda ndipo tikulimbikitsa kuyambira kumapeto kulikonse. Ngati pali zingapo zopitilira vertex pafupi, muyenera kusankha imodzi yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito vertex yachiwiri. Zimatengera ngodya. Njira yayikulu apa ndiyolumikizira mwamphamvu yomwe imayesa mphamvu zomwe zikuyenda pamagetsi atsopano ndikuwasunthira mobwerezabwereza kumalo ofananirako (kukula ndi kuwongolera kwamphamvu kumadalira mawaya omwe ali pafupi ndi nthambi). Ngati Angle pakati pazigawo ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi vertex (terminus kapena kuwonjezera) ndi ochepera madigiri a 120, nthambi imatha kuwonjezedwa, kenako mawonekedwe a makina atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo malo a vertex. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. Pambuyo powonjezera mfundo yatsopano, muyenera kuyang’ana osachepera subnet yokhala ndi zikhomo zinayi:

1. Ngati vertex iwonjezedwa kufupi ndi vertex ina yatsopano, yang’anani netiweki yaying’ono kwambiri ya pini zinayi.

2. Ngati netiweki ya pini inayi siyochepera, sankhani malekezero a “opendekera” (a quadrilateral diagonal) endode kapena ma node a terminal (ma terminal terminal node – ma waya amapindika).

3. Gawo la mzere lomwe limalumikiza endpoint (pafupifupi endpoint) ndi vertex yatsopano yapafupi limasinthidwa ndi gawo la mzere lomwe limalumikiza kumapeto (pafupifupi endpoint) ndi vertex yatsopano yakutali.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

Njirayi siyitsimikizire kuti ipanga netiweki yaying’ono kwambiri, koma poyerekeza ndi njira zina, imatha kukwaniritsa kutalika kocheperako popanda msipu. Zimaperekanso madera omwe kulumikizidwa kwa malekezero akuletsedwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwamalo omaliza kumatha kukhala kosasinthasintha.

Kulumikizana kosavuta pa ngodya iliyonse kuli ndi zina zabwino zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutha kusuntha zinthu zambiri mothandizidwa ndi kuwerengera kwama waya zenizeni zenizeni, mutha kupanga mizere yanjoka yofananira. Njira yolumikizira njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito bwino danga, imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe, ndipo imalola kugwiritsa ntchito kulolerana kosasintha. Ngati pali mizere iwiri ya njoka yolumikizana, chingwe chodziwikiratu chimachepetsa kutalika kwa umodzi kapena onse awiri, kutengera lamulo loyambirira.

Ganizirani zazingwe zamagawo a BGA. Pazomwe zimayambira pakatikati, kuchuluka kwa njira zopitilira kumapeto kumachepetsedwa ndi 8 pamizere yotsatizana (chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mzere). Mwachitsanzo, gawo la 28x28mm lokhala ndi zikhomo 784 limafunikira magawo 10. Zina mwazithunzizi sizinapulumuke. Chithunzi 16 chikuwonetsa kotala la BGA. Nthawi yomweyo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira njira ya “center to periphery”, kuchuluka kwa njira zomwe zimafunikira kutuluka sikungosinthasintha. Izi zidzachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zigawo. Kukula kwa gawo la 28x28mm, zigawo 7 ndizokwanira. Pazinthu zikuluzikulu, ndi win-win. Chithunzi 17 chikuwonetsa kotala la BGA. Chitsanzo cha zingwe za BGA chikuwonetsedwa. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira “yozungulira”, titha kumaliza kulumikizana ndi ma netiweki onse. Zosasinthika Angle topological zodziwikiratu zokha zingathe kuchita izi. Makina onyamula zodziwikiratu sangatengere chitsanzo ichi. Ikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha PCB yeniyeni pomwe mainjiniya adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa siginecha kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 4 (poyerekeza ndi mtunduwo). Kuphatikiza apo, zidatenga mainjiniya theka la tsiku kuti amalize kulumikizana kwa PCB.