PCB ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano uea, a hiki i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopili maʻalahi ke hōʻemi i ka lōʻihi o ka uea a hoʻokuʻu i kahi hou PCB. Kaupalena ʻia nā pilina PCB kuʻuna e nā kaulike uea paʻa a me ka nele o nā uʻi kūleʻa ʻole. Ke wehe nei i kēia mau palena hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā uea.

E hoʻomaka kākou me kekahi mau huaʻōlelo. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i nā pilina Angle arbitrary e like me nā uea uila e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻāpana Angle arbitrary a me nā radian. He ʻano ueaeaeaea ʻo ia, akā ʻaʻole kau palena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kekelē 90 wale nō a me 45 kekelē laina laina Angle. ʻO ke kaula uila Topological ka uea ʻole i pili ʻole i nā ʻaoʻao a me nā kuhi a hoʻohana ʻole i nā grids maʻamau a i ʻole maʻamau e like me nā uea hoʻokumu. E wehewehe mākou i ka hua loli uila e like me nā uea uila me ke ʻano paʻa ʻole e hiki ai i ka wili manawa maoli ke hoʻohālikelike hou e hiki ai i nā hiki ke hoʻololi aʻe. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā arcs mai nā ālai a me kā lākou mau tangent maʻamau e hana i ke ʻano o ka laina. (Nā pale me nā pin, keleawe pepa, nā wahi i pāpā ʻia, nā lua a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) kahi o ke kaapuni o nā ʻano PCB ʻelua. Holo ka uea ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻulaʻula i nā papa like ʻole o ke ana hoʻohālike PCB. ʻO nā pōʻai polū nā perforations. Kuhi ʻia ka mea ʻulaʻula. There are also some red round pins. E hoʻohana i nā ʻāpana laina a me nā hoʻohālike me ka Angle o 90 kekelē ma waena o lākou. ʻO ke kiʻi 1B kahi hiʻohiʻona PCB e hoʻohana ana i nā arcs a me nā ʻaoʻao ākea. He mea ʻano ʻē paha ka pilina ma kekahi Angle, akā he nui nā mea maikaʻi. ʻAno like ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā ʻenekini iā ​​ia e ka hapalua kenekulia i hala. Hōʻike i kahi PCB maoli i hoʻomohala ʻia ma 1972 e kahi hui ʻAmelika i kapa ʻia ʻo Digibarn no ka hoʻopili lima piha. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. ʻO nā pilina Angle arbitrary i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kii 2 e like maoli nō. No ke aha lākou e hoʻohana ai i nā kauila Angle arbitrary? No ka mea he nui nā keu o kēia ʻano uila. Loaʻa nā pono he nui i nā uea ʻaila kūleʻa ʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole e hoʻohana ana i nā kihi ma waena o nā ʻāpana laina e mālama ai i ka wahi PCB (lawe mau nā polygons i kahi ākea ma mua o nā tangents). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). Eia nō naʻe, ke pili uila i kēlā me kēia Angle, lawa ka hakahaka e hoʻomoe ai i nā kaula 4 ma ke ala like me ka ʻole e uhaʻi i ke kāohi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā (DRC). Kuhi paha he ʻāpana ʻano maikaʻi a makemake mākou e hoʻopili i nā mākala i ʻelua mau pine ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kekelē 90 wale nō e lawe i kahi ākea. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilina Angle arbitrary hiki ke hoʻopōkole i ka mamao ma waena o ka ʻāpana a me nā pine ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka wāwae. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. Ke hoʻohuli nei i ka chip i kēlā me kēia Angle hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hopena ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. Hōʻike ia i kahi PCB maoli. ʻO ke kaulike kūleʻa kihi ʻole me ka hana chip chip wale nō ke ʻano uila no kēia papa kaapuni. ʻAʻole wale kēia he kumumanaʻo wale nō, akā he hopena kūpono hoʻi (i kekahi manawa ʻo ka hopena kūpono wale nō). Hōʻike i kahi laʻana o kahi PCB maʻalahi. Nā hopena Topler cabler, ʻoiai nā hopena cabler akomi e pili ana i ke kinona kūpono he mau kiʻi o ka PCB maoli. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi cabler akomi e pili ana i ke kinona kūpono ke hana i kēia no ka mea ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā mea i nā ʻaoʻao kūpana. Pono ʻoe i kahi ʻē aʻe, a inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohuli i nā ʻāpana, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka hāmeʻa. E hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana Layout me ka ʻole o nā ʻāpana like, kahi e loaʻa pinepine ai i ka crosstalk. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. Ke piʻi nei ka spacing ma waena o nā kaula like, hoʻemi ka crosstalk i ka quadratic. E hoʻonohonoho i ka pae o ka crosstalk i hana ʻia e nā kaula 1mm kaulike i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia d a e. Inā aia kekahi Angle ma waena o nā ʻāpana uea, a laila ke piʻi nei kēia Angle, e emi ana ka pae o ka crosstalk. ʻAʻole pili ka crosstalk i ka lōʻihi o ka uea, akā ma ka waiwai Angle wale nō: kahi e hōʻike ai i ka Angle ma waena o nā ʻāpana uea. E noʻonoʻo i kēia mau kiʻina uila ʻekolu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke Kiʻi 8 (90 kekelē hoʻonohonoho), aia ka nui o ka lōʻihi o ka uea a me ka waiwai ʻoi loa ma muli o nā ʻaoʻao laina like. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau (ma kēlā me kēia Angle), pōkole loa ka lōʻihi o ka uea a ʻaʻohe ʻāpana uea like, no laila ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ke kumu kūʻai. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻoe i ka hopena ma ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana o ka hōʻailona (ʻaʻole pono nā mea alakaʻi a like ʻole a pili ʻole i ka fiberglass PCB). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. Hoʻomaopopo pono ka cabler i ke kinona kūpono o ka uea (e noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻae palekana pono). No laila hiki i ka cabling maʻalahi ke hōʻemi loa i ka manawa e koi ʻia ai e hoʻoponopono i ka topology, kākoʻo maikaʻi i nā hana hou he nui e kū i nā kaohi. Hōʻike kēia i kahi hoʻolālā PCB e neʻe ma waena o nā lua a me nā kiko lālā. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe, hoʻololi i nā kiko lālā uea a ma o nā puka i ke kūlana maikaʻi loa. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. Ke loaʻa kahi ala, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia a lilo i ʻāpana o ka mākala. ʻO ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke kau ʻana o ke kau uila ʻo ia ka hopena o ka uea i hilinaʻi i ka ʻoka uila. Ke lōʻihi loa ka maikaʻi o ka topological mai ka maikaʻi loa, hiki i ka pilikia o ka “paʻa” ʻana i nā wahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Akā no ka uea āu e rewire ai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā uea. He pilikia nui kēia i nā ʻōnaehana CAD āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaʻina. ʻO kēia kahi e pono ai ke kaʻina hana hoʻopau kūlou. ʻO ke piʻo ʻana o ka uea e pili ana i ka hanana e pono ai ka uea i hoʻokahi pūnaewele e hele a puni kahi mea i kahi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe e kiʻi i kahi mea. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. Hōʻike ʻia kahi laʻana o ke kūlou ʻana. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hana aunoa. I ka hihia ʻelua (ma kahi papa ʻē aʻe), hoʻololi hou ʻia kahi uea ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka papa uila (mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka ʻulaʻula). E hoʻopau i ke kūlou ʻana o ka uea e ka hōʻoia pono ʻana i ke ʻano o ka uea (approx arcs me nā ʻāpana laina e hōʻike wale i nā hiʻohiʻona Angle me ka ʻole o nā pana). (luna) hoʻolālā kumu, (lalo) ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻolālā kūlou. Kākoʻo ʻia nā kaula uila pio. I kahi lāʻau Steiner, pono e hoʻopili i nā laina āpau e like me nā ʻāpana i nā piko (nā hopena a me nā hoʻohui). Ma ka piko o kēlā me kēia vertex hou, ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e pono e hoʻopili a ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana e pau. ʻO ka Angle ma waena o nā ʻāpana laina e hoʻopili i ka piko ʻaʻole e emi ma lalo o 120 kekelē. ʻAʻole paʻakikī loa ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi Steiner me kēia mau ʻano kūlana kūpono, akā ʻaʻole ia e liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole maikaʻi nā lāʻau Steiner Gray, akā he mau lāʻau Steiner ʻeleʻele. I ka hoʻolālā kamaʻilio kūpono, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻano kūpale like ʻole. Ua kaupalena lākou i ka hiki ke kūkulu i nā lāʻau laulā liʻiliʻi e hoʻohana ana i nā algorithms a me nā lāʻau Steiner e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano geometric. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea pale i ka hina a makemake mākou e hoʻomaka i kēlā me kēia hopena vertex. Inā ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi ka palena o ka hoʻopau vertex, pono ʻoe e koho i kahi e ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piko ʻelua. Aia ia i ka Angle. ʻO ke ʻano hana nui ma aneʻi kahi algorithm i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka ikaika e helu ana i nā pūʻali e hana ana i nā piko hou a hoʻoneʻe pinepine iā lākou i kahi kiko kaulike (ʻo ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi o nā pūʻali e pili ana i nā kaula ma nā lālā lālā pili). Inā ʻo ka Angle ma waena o kekahi o nā ʻāpana laina e pili ana i ka piko (terminus a i ʻole hoʻohui) ʻoi aku ma mua o 120 kekelē, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi kiko lālā, a laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi algorithm algorithm e hoʻonui ai i ke kūlana vertex. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi piko hou, pono ʻoe e kaha i ka palena iki o kahi subnet i loko o nā pine ʻehā:

1. Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka piko ma kahi e kokoke ana i kahi vertex hou i hoʻohui ʻia, e nānā no ka pūnaewele ʻehā mau pine liʻiliʻi loa.

2. Inā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka pūnaewele ʻehā pin, koho i kahi pālua o ka “diagonal” (e pili ana i ka quadrilateral diagonal) hopena a i ʻole nā ​​kikowaena kiko uila (virtual terminal nodes – wire bends).

3. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka laina e hoʻopili ana i ka welau (virtual endpoint) i ka vertex hou kokoke loa e pani ʻia e ka ʻāpana laina e hoʻopili ana i ka hopena (virtual endpoint) i ka vertex hou loa.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

ʻAʻole hōʻoia kēia hana e kūkulu i ka pūnaewele liʻiliʻi loa, akā hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i ka lōʻihi o ka pūnaewele liʻiliʻi me ka ʻole o ka hānai ʻana. Hāʻawi pū ʻia ia no nā wahi e pāpā ʻia ai nā pilina hopena, a hiki i ka helu o nā piko hopena i kūpono ʻole.

ʻO ka uea uila i kekahi Angle kekahi mau pono hoihoi aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoneʻe i nā mea he nui me ke kōkua o ka recalculation hoʻohālikelike maoli o ka uea, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā laina serpentine like. Hoʻohana maikaʻi kēia ʻano hana cabling i ka lewa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka helu o nā iterations, a ʻae i ka hoʻohana maʻalahi o nā ahonui. Inā ʻelua mau laina nahesa i hoʻopili ʻia me kekahi me kekahi, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ka cabler akomi i ka lōʻihi o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha, e like me ka mea nui o ka lula.

E noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea BGA. I ke kuanaʻike peripheral-to-center kokoke, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā kahawai i ka periphery e 8 me kēlā me kēia papa (ma muli o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka perimeter). ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi mea 28x28mm me nā 784 pin e koi ana i 10 mau papa. Ua pakele kekahi o nā papa i ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka helu 16 i ka hapahā o ka BGA. I ka manawa like, ke hoʻohana nei i ke ʻano uila ʻo “kikowaena i ka periphery”, ʻaʻole e loli ka helu o nā kahawai e puka i ka periphery mai kēlā papa a kēia papa. E hōʻemi loa kēia i ka helu o nā papa. No kahi nui o 28x28mm, ua lawa nā papa 7. No nā ʻāpana nui aʻe, he win-win. Hōʻike ka helu 17 i ka hapahā o ka BGA. Hōʻike ʻia kahi laʻana o ka hoʻopili BGA. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka hoʻokele o ke kikowaena ʻo “center to periphery”, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ka cabling o nā pūnaewele āpau. Hiki i ka Arbitrary Angle topological automatic cabler ke hana i kēia. ʻAʻole hiki i nā cablers maʻamau ke kuhikuhi i kēia laʻana. Hōʻike i kahi laʻana o kahi PCB maoli kahi i hoʻemi ai ka ʻenekini i ka helu o nā papa hōʻailona mai 6 a 4 (hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka kikoʻī). Eia hou, ua lawe ka ʻenekini i ka hapalua lā wale nō e hoʻopau i ka uea o ka PCB.