PCB Izindlela zokuxhuma izintambo ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi amasu wezintambo aguquguqukayo anganciphisa ubude bocingo futhi akhulule isikhala esiningi se-PCB. Izintambo ezijwayelekile ze-PCB zikhawulelwe ngezixhumanisi ezingaguquki zocingo kanye nokuntuleka kwezintambo ezi-angled ezinqunyelwe. Ukususa le mikhawulo kungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yezintambo.

Ake siqale ngamagama athile. Sichaza i-Angle wiring engenangqondo njenge-wiring yocingo sisebenzisa izingxenye ze-Angle ezingqubuzanayo nama-radians. Luhlobo lwezintambo zocingo, kepha alukhawulelwanga ekusebenziseni kuphela izingxenye ezingama-90 degree no-45 degree Angle line. Izintambo zezintambo ziyi-wiring yocingo engahambelani nama-grids futhi eqondisayo futhi engasebenzisi ama-grid ajwayelekile noma angajwayelekile njenge-wiring-based wiring. Masichaze igama elithi izintambo eziguquguqukayo njenge-wiring yocingo ngaphandle kokuma okungaguquki okunika amandla ukubalwa kabusha kocingo lwesikhathi sangempela ukufeza amathuba alandelayo okuguqula. Ama-arcs kuphela avela kwizithiyo kanye nama-tangents awo ajwayelekile asetshenziselwa ukwakha umugqa womugqa. (Izithiyo zifaka izikhonkwane, ucwecwe lwethusi, izindawo ezingavunyelwe, izimbobo nezinye izinto) ingxenye yesekethe lamamodeli amabili e-PCB. Izintambo eziluhlaza nokubomvu zisebenza ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zemodeli ye-PCB. Imibuthano eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yi-perforations. Into ebomvu iyagqanyiswa. There are also some red round pins. Sebenzisa kuphela izingxenye zomugqa namamodeli ane-engela yama-degree angama-90 phakathi kwawo. Umdwebo 1B uyimodeli ye-PCB esebenzisa ama-arcs nama-engeli wokuphikisana. Ukuhlanganisa izintambo kunoma iyiphi i-Angle kungabonakala kungajwayelekile, kepha kunezinzuzo eziningi. Indlela enentambo ngayo icishe ifane nokuthi onjiniyela bayixhuma kanjani ngesandla eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Ibonisa i-PCB yangempela eyenziwe ngo-1972 yinkampani yaseMelika ebizwa ngeDigibarn yokuhlanganisa izintambo ngokuphelele. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. I-wiring Angle engenangqondo ekhonjiswe kuMdwebo 2 empeleni iyafana. Kungani basebenzise izintambo ze-Angle? Ngoba lolu hlobo lwezintambo lunezinzuzo eziningi. I-wiring Angle engaqondakali inezinzuzo eziningi. Okokuqala, ukungasebenzisi ama-engeli aphakathi kwezingxenye zomugqa konga isikhala se-PCB (ama-polygoni ngaso sonke isikhathi athatha isikhala esiningi kunama-tangents). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). Kodwa-ke, lapho kuhlanganiswa izintambo kunoma iyiphi i-Angle, kunesikhala esanele sokubeka izintambo ezi-4 kundlela efanayo ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho wokuhlola ukwakheka (i-DRC). Ake sithi sine-chip mode enhle futhi sifuna ukuxhuma izikhonkwane ze-chip kwezinye izikhonkwane ezimbili. Ukusebenzisa ama-degree angama-90 kuphela kuthatha isikhala esiningi. Ukusebenzisa i-Angle wiring ngokungenasisekelo kunganciphisa ibanga phakathi kwe-chip nezinye izikhonkwane, ngenkathi kuncishiswa uphawu lokuhamba. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. Ukushintshanisa i-chip kunoma iyiphi i-Angle nakho kunganikeza imiphumela engcono. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. Ibonisa i-PCB yangempela. Intambo ye-Angle engenakuphikisana nomsebenzi we-chip ojikelezayo ukuphela kwendlela yokwenza izintambo zaleli bhodi lesifunda. Lokhu akuyona inkolelo-mbono kuphela, kepha futhi kuyisixazululo esisebenzayo (kwesinye isikhathi okuwukuphela kwesixazululo esikhona). Ibonisa isibonelo se-PCB elula. Imiphumela yekhebula le-topology, kuyilapho imiphumela ye-othomathikhi ye-cabler isuselwa ekubunjweni okuhle kuyizithombe ze-PCB yangempela. I-cabler ezenzakalelayo esuselwa kokulungile ayikwazi ukwenza lokhu ngoba izingxenye zizungeziswa ngama-engeli wokuphikisana. Udinga indawo ethe xaxa, futhi uma ungazungezisi izinto, idivayisi kufanele yenziwe ibe nkulu. Ukusebenza kokuhlelwa kungathuthukiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezifanayo, okuvame ukuba ngumthombo we-crosstalk. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. Njengoba isikhala phakathi kwezintambo ezihambisanayo sanda, i-crosstalk iyancipha i-quadratic. Masisethe izinga le-crosstalk elikhiqizwa izintambo ezimbili ezi-1mm ezifanayo ezibekwe ku-e. Uma kukhona i-Angle phakathi kwezingxenye zocingo, lapho leli Angle landa, izinga le-crosstalk lizokwehla. I-crosstalk ayincikile ebude bocingo, kepha kuphela kunani le-Angle: lapho i-α imele i-Angle phakathi kwezingxenye zocingo. Cabanga ngalezi zindlela ezintathu zokuhlanganisa izintambo. Ohlangothini lwesobunxele loMdwebo 8 (ukwakheka kwama-degree angama-90), kukhona ubude obukhulu bezintambo kanye nenani eliphakeme lama-emi ngenxa yamasegmenti womugqa ofanayo. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. Ngakwesokunene (kunoma iyiphi i-Angle), ubude bocingo bufushane kakhulu futhi azikho izingxenyana zocingo ezihambisanayo, ngakho-ke inani lokuphazanyiswa lincane. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. Ukhumbula futhi nomphumela ekubambezelweni kwesiginali (abaqhubi akumele bahambisane futhi akumele bacace bha ku-fiberglass ye-PCB). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. I-cabler ibala ngokuzenzakalela ukwakheka okuhle kocingo (kucatshangelwa imvume yokuphepha edingekayo). Ukwenza iklabishi okuguqukayo ngakho-ke kungasinciphisa kakhulu isikhathi esidingekayo sokuhlela i-topology, kusekela kahle ukuphindisela kabusha okuningi ukuhlangabezana nezingqinamba. Lokhu kukhombisa ukwakheka kwe-PCB okuhamba ngezimbobo namaphuzu egatsha. Ngesikhathi sokuzenzakalela, amaphoyinti egatsha lezintambo kanye nezimbobo ezihamba phakathi zilungiswa endaweni efanelekile. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. Lapho kutholakala indlela, iyalungiswa futhi ibe yingxenye ye-maze. Ububi bokuthi izintambo zilandelane ngukuthi umphumela wezintambo ungancika ku-oda lezintambo. Lapho ikhwalithi ye-topological isekude nokuphelela, inkinga “yokubambeka” ivela ezindaweni ezincane zasendaweni. Kepha noma ngabe uluphi ucingo, ngeke luthuthukise ikhwalithi yezintambo. Le yinkinga enkulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo ze-CAD zisebenzisa ukwenza ngokulandelana. Yilapho inqubo yokususa ukugoba ilusizo. Ukugoba izintambo kusho into yokuthi ucingo kunethiwekhi eyodwa kufanele luhambe luzungeze into kwenye inethiwekhi ukufinyelela into. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. Isibonelo sokugoba siyakhonjiswa. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Imiphumela yokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo iyaboniswa. Esimweni sesibili (kolunye ungqimba), ucingo olukhanyisiwe olukhanyisiwe lubuyiselwa ku-othomathikhi ngokushintsha ungqimba lwezintambo (kusuka kokuluhlaza kuye kobomvu). Qeda ukugoba kwentambo ngokulungiselela ngokuzenzakalela ukwakheka kocingo (ama-arcs cishe anezingxenye zomugqa ukukhombisa noma iziphi izibonelo ze-Angle ngaphandle kwama-arcs). (phezulu) idizayini yoqobo, (ngezansi) ngemuva kokuqeda ukwakheka kokugoba. Izintambo ezibomvu ezigoqiwe ziyagqanyiswa. Esihlahleni se-Steiner, yonke imigqa kufanele ixhunywe njengezingxenye kuma-vertices (ama-endpoints nezengezo). Phezulu kwe-vertex entsha ngayinye, izingxenye ezintathu kufanele zihlangane futhi kungapheli izingxenye ezintathu. I-Angle phakathi kwezingxenye zomugqa eziguqukela ku-vertex ngeke ibe ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-120. Akunzima kakhulu ukwakha iSteiner ngalezi zakhiwo ezinemibandela eyanele, kepha akusho ukuthi incane. Izihlahla ezimpunga azilungile, kepha izihlahla ezimnyama zeSteiner zinjalo. Ekuklanyeni kokuxhumana okusebenzayo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezithiyo kufanele zicatshangwe. Zinciphisa ikhono lokwakha izihlahla ezisezingeni eliphansi zisebenzisa zombili iziqu kanye nezihlahla zeSteiner zisebenzisa izindlela zejometri. Izithiyo zikhonjiswa ngombala ompunga futhi sincoma ukuqala kunoma iyiphi i-vertex ekugcineni. Uma kunokuningi okukodwa okuseduze okuqeda i-vertex, kufanele ukhethe eyodwa ekuvumela ukuthi uqhubeke usebenzise i-vertex yesibili. Kuya nge-Angle. Indlela esemqoka lapha i-algorithm esuselwa kumandla ebala amandla asebenza kuma-vertices amasha futhi awahambise ephindelela endaweni yokulinganisa (ubukhulu nokuqondiswa kwamandla kuncike ezintanjeni ezisezindaweni eziseduze zegatsha). Uma i-Angle phakathi kwezingxenye zemigqa exhunywe ku-vertex (i-terminus noma i-kwalokho) ingaphansi kwamadigri ayi-120, iphuzu legatsha lingangezwa, bese kuthi i-algorithm yemishini isetshenziselwe ukwengeza isikhundla se-vertex. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. Ngemuva kokungeza i-node entsha, kufanele ubheke ubuncane be-subnet enezikhonkwane ezine:

1. Uma i-vertex ingezwa eduze kwenye i-vertex esanda kufakwa, hlola inethiwekhi encane kakhulu yamaphini amane.

2. Uma inethiwekhi yamaphini amane ingekho emincane, khetha ipheya lama- “diagonal” (angamalungu we-quadrilateral diagonal) endpoints noma ama-virtual terminal node (ama-virtual terminal nodes – wire bends).

3. Ingxenye yomugqa exhuma indawo yokugcina (i-virtual endpoint) ku-vertex entsha eseduze ithathelwe indawo ingxenye yomugqa exhuma indawo yokugcina (i-virtual endpoint) ne-vertex entsha ekude.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

Le ndlela ayiqinisekisi ukwakha inethiwekhi encane kunazo zonke, kepha uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, ingafinyelela ubude obuncane benethiwekhi ngaphandle kokudla. Ibuye ivumele izindawo lapho ukuxhumeka kwamaphethelo okugcina kungavunyelwe khona, futhi nenani lama-endoode wokugcina angaphikiswa.

Ukuxhuma izintambo kunoma iyiphi i-Angle kunezinye izinzuzo ezithokozisayo. Isibonelo, uma ungahambisa ngokuzenzakalela izinto eziningi ngosizo lokubala kabusha kwe-real-time wire shape recalculation, ungakha imigqa efanayo yenyoka. Le ndlela yokufaka ikhebula isebenzisa isikhala kangcono, inciphisa inani lokuphindwaphindwa, futhi ivumela ukusetshenziswa okuguqukayo kokubekezelelana. Uma kunemigqa emibili yenyoka ehlangene, ikhebula elizenzakalelayo lizonciphisa ubude bomunye noma yomibili, kuya ngokuya kuqala komthetho.

Cabanga ngentambo yezingxenye ze-BGA. Enkambisweni yendabuko yokuya emaphethelweni, inani leziteshi eziya emaphethelweni lincishiswe ngo-8 ngendwangu ngayinye elandelanayo (ngenxa yokwehla kwepherimitha). Isibonelo, into engama-28x28mm enezikhonkwane ezingama-784 idinga izingqimba eziyi-10. Ezinye izingqimba ezikulo mdwebo zibalekile ukuxhuma izintambo. Umdwebo 16 ukhombisa ikota ye-BGA. Ngasikhathi sinye, uma usebenzisa indlela yokwenza izintambo “ephakathi nendawo”, inani leziteshi ezidingekayo ukuphuma emaphethelweni aliguquki lisuka kungqimba liye kolunye ungqimba. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu inani lezendlalelo. Ngosayizi wengxenye engu-28x28mm, izingqimba eziyi-7 zanele. Ngezinto ezinkudlwana, kuwina-win. Umdwebo 17 ukhombisa ikota ye-BGA. Isibonelo se-BGA wiring siyakhonjiswa. Lapho usebenzisa indlela yokwenza isikhungo “esiseduzane”, singaqedela ukufakwa kwamakhebuli kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi. I-cabler ye-othomathikhi ye-Angle topographic ezenzakalelayo ingakwenza lokhu. Izintambo zendabuko ezizenzakalelayo azikwazi ukuhambisa lesi sibonelo. Ibonisa isibonelo se-PCB yangempela lapho unjiniyela anciphise inani lezendlalelo zesiginali kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-4 (ngokuqhathaniswa nokucacisiwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathatha onjiniyela isigamu sosuku ukuqedela izintambo ze-PCB.