PCB hanyoyin wayoyi suna ci gaba da haɓakawa, kuma dabaru masu sassaucin ra’ayi na iya rage tsawon waya da ‘yantar da ƙarin sararin PCB. Wayoyin PCB na al’ada ana iyakance su ta daidaitattun haɗin haɗin waya da kuma rashin wayoyin da ba a so. Cire waɗannan ƙuntatawa na iya inganta ingancin wayoyi sosai.

Let’s start with some terminology. Mun ayyana wayoyin hannu mara izini kamar wayoyin waya ta amfani da sassan Angle na sabani da radians. Yana da nau’in nau’in waya, amma ba’a iyakance shi ba don amfani da sashin layin kusurwa 90 da digiri 45 kawai. Topological wiring is wire wiring that does not adhere to grids and coordinates and does not use regular or irregular grids like shape-based wiring. Bari mu ayyana kalma mai sassauƙa azaman wiring na waya ba tare da tsayayyen siffa ba wanda ke ba da damar ƙididdigar ƙirar waya ta ainihi don cimma damar canji mai zuwa. Arcs kawai daga cikas da tangent ɗin su na yau da kullun ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar siffar layi. (Obstacles include pins, copper foil, forbidden areas, holes and other objects) part of the circuit of two PCB models. Wayoyin kore da ja suna gudana akan yadudduka daban -daban na ƙirar PCB. The blue circles are the perforations. The red element is highlighted. There are also some red round pins. Use only line segments and models with an Angle of 90 degrees between them. Hoto 1B shine ƙirar PCB ta amfani da baka da kusurwoyin sabani. Wiring at any Angle may seem strange, but it does have many advantages. The way it is wired is very similar to how engineers wired it by hand half a century ago. Yana nuna PCB na ainihi wanda aka kirkira a cikin 1972 ta wani kamfanin Amurka mai suna Digibarn don cikakken wayoyin hannu. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. Wurin Angle na sabani wanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 2 daidai yake. Why would they use arbitrary Angle wiring? Saboda irin wannan wayoyin yana da fa’idodi da yawa. Arbitrary Angle wiring has many advantages. Na farko, rashin amfani da kusurwoyin tsakanin sassan layi yana adana sararin PCB (polygons koyaushe suna ɗaukar ƙarin sarari fiye da tangents). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). Koyaya, lokacin yin wayoyi a kowane kusurwa, akwai isasshen sarari don sanya wayoyi 4 akan hanya ɗaya ba tare da keta tsarin ƙira ba (DRC). A ce muna da guntu na yanayi mai kyau kuma muna son haɗa fil ɗin guntu zuwa wasu fil biyu. Using only 90 degrees takes up a lot of space. Yin amfani da wayoyin Angle na sabani na iya rage tazara tsakanin guntu da sauran fil, yayin rage sawun sawun. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. Rotating the chip at any Angle can also provide better results. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. It shows a real PCB. Arbitrary Angle wiring with rotating chip function is the only wiring method for this circuit board. Wannan ba wai kawai ka’idar ba ce, har ma da mafita mai amfani (wani lokacin shine kawai mafita mai yuwuwa). Shows an example of a simple PCB. Topology cabler sakamakon, yayin da sakamakon kebul na atomatik wanda ya dogara da sifa mafi kyau shine hotunan ainihin PCB. An automatic cabler based on optimal shape cannot do this because the components are rotated at arbitrary angles. Kuna buƙatar ƙarin yanki, kuma idan ba ku juya abubuwan haɗin ba, dole ne a ƙara girman na’urar. Layout performance would be greatly improved without parallel segments, which are often a source of crosstalk. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. As the spacing between parallel wires increases, crosstalk decreases quadratic. Let’s set the level of crosstalk produced by two parallel 1mm wires spaced d to e. Idan akwai Angle tsakanin sassan waya, to yayin da wannan Angle ke ƙaruwa, matakin ƙyalli zai ragu. The crosstalk does not depend on the length of the wire, but only on the Angle value: where α represents the Angle between the wire segments. Yi la’akari da hanyoyin wayoyi uku masu zuwa. On the left side of Figure 8 (90 degree layout), there is the maximum wire length and the maximum emi value due to parallel line segments. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. On the right-hand side (at any Angle), the wire length is shortest and there are no parallel wire segments, so the interference value is negligible. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. You also remember the effect on signal delay (conductors should not be parallel and should not be perpendicular to the PCB fiberglass). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. Kebul ɗin yana ƙididdige ƙirar mafi kyawun waya ta atomatik (la’akari da tsabtace amincin da ake buƙata). Kebul mai sassauƙa yana iya rage lokacin da ake buƙata don gyara topology, da kyau yana tallafawa sakewa da yawa don saduwa da ƙuntatawa. Wannan yana nuna ƙirar PCB wanda ke ratsa ramuka da wuraren reshe. A lokacin motsi na atomatik, ana daidaita wuraren reshe na waya da ramuka zuwa mafi kyawun matsayi. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. Lokacin da aka sami hanya, ana gyara ta kuma zama ɓangaren maze. Rashin hasara na jere -jere na jere shine sakamakon wiring na iya dogara ne akan tsarin wayoyi. Lokacin da ingancin topological har yanzu bai cika cikakke ba, matsalar “makalewa” tana faruwa a cikin ƙananan yankuna na gida. But no matter which wire you rewire, it’s not going to improve the quality of the wiring. This is a serious problem in all CAD systems using sequential optimization. This is where the bending elimination process is useful. Lanƙwasa waya yana nufin abin mamaki cewa waya a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya dole ne ta zagaya da abu akan wata hanyar sadarwa don samun damar abu. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. An nuna misalin lanƙwasa. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Ana nuna sakamakon sarrafawa ta atomatik. In the second case (on another layer), a lighted green wire is automatically rewired by changing the wiring layer (from green to red). Eliminate wire bending by automatically optimizing wire shape (approximate arcs with line segments just to show any Angle examples without arcs). (top) original design, (bottom) after eliminating bending design. Ana nuna alamar jan lankwasa. A cikin itacen Steiner, dole ne a haɗa dukkan layuka azaman ɓangarori zuwa ƙira (ƙarshen magana da ƙari). A saman kowane sabon salo, ɓangarori uku dole ne su haɗu kuma kada a wuce sashi uku. The Angle between the line segments that converge to the vertex shall not be less than 120 degrees. Ba shi da matukar wahala a gina Steiner tare da waɗannan isassun kaddarorin sharaɗi, amma ba lallai ba ne kaɗan. Gray Steiner trees are not optimal, but black Steiner trees are. A cikin ƙirar sadarwa mai amfani, dole ne a yi la’akari da nau’ikan cikas iri -iri. Suna iyakance ikon gina ƙananan bishiyoyin da ke yawo ta amfani da duka algorithms da bishiyoyin Steiner ta amfani da hanyoyin geometric. The obstacles are shown in gray and we recommend starting at any end vertex. If there is more than one adjacent terminating vertex, you should choose one that allows you to continue using the second vertex. It depends on the Angle. Babban injin a nan shine algorithm mai ƙarfi wanda ke ƙididdige sojojin da ke aiki akan sabbin kusurwoyi kuma yana motsa su akai-akai zuwa ma’aunin ma’auni (girma da shugabanci na sojojin ya dogara da wayoyi a wuraren reshe na kusa). Idan Angle tsakanin sassan layi biyu da aka haɗa da tsinkaye (ƙarshen ko ƙari) ƙasa da digiri 120, ana iya ƙara maƙallin reshe, sannan ana iya amfani da algorithm na injin don inganta matsayin vertex. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. After adding a new node, you should check the minimum of a subnet consisting of four pins:

1. If a vertex is added to the vicinity of another newly added vertex, check for the smallest four-pin network.

2. If the four-pin network is not minimal, select a pair of “diagonal” (belonging to the quadrilateral diagonal) endpoints or virtual terminal nodes (virtual terminal nodes – wire bends).

3. The line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the nearest new vertex is replaced by the line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the distant new vertex.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

This method does not guarantee to build the smallest network, but compared with other methods, it can achieve the smallest network length without grazing. Hakanan yana ba da izinin wuraren da aka hana haɗin haɗin ƙarshen, kuma adadin nodes na ƙarshe na iya zama ba bisa ƙa’ida ba.

Flexible wiring at any Angle has some other interesting advantages. For example, if you can automatically move many objects with the help of automatic real-time wire shape recalculation, you can create parallel serpentine lines. This cabling method makes better use of space, minimizes the number of iterations, and allows for flexible use of tolerances. If there are two serpentine lines interlaced with each other, the automatic cabler will reduce the length of one or both, depending on rule priority.

Consider the wiring of BGA components. In the traditional peripheral-to-center approach, the number of channels to the periphery is reduced by 8 with each successive layer (due to a reduction in perimeter). For example, a 28x28mm component with 784 pins requires 10 layers. Wasu daga cikin yadudduka a cikin zane sun tsere daga wayoyi. Hoto 16 yana nuna kwata na BGA. A lokaci guda, lokacin amfani da hanyar waƙa ta “cibiyar zuwa gefe”, adadin tashoshin da ake buƙata don fita zuwa farfajiyar baya canzawa daga Layer zuwa Layer. Wannan zai rage yawan yadudduka. Don girman sashi na 28x28mm, yadudduka 7 sun isa. Don manyan abubuwan da aka gyara, nasara ce. Figure 17 shows a quarter of the BGA. An example of BGA wiring is shown. When using the “center to periphery” cabling approach, we can complete the cabling of all networks. Sabis ɗin topological kebul na atomatik na iya yin wannan. Traditional automatic cablers cannot route this example. Shows an example of a real PCB where the engineer reduced the number of signal layers from 6 to 4 (compared to the specification). In addition, it took engineers only half a day to complete the wiring of the PCB.