PCB hababka fiilooyinka ayaa sii wanaajinaya, iyo farsamooyinka xargaha dabacsan waxay yareyn karaan dhererka siligga waxayna xoreyn karaan meel badan oo PCB ah. Fiilooyinka PCB -ga ee caadiga ah waxaa ku xaddidan isku -duwayaasha siligga ee go’an iyo la’aanta fiilooyin aan gar -lahayn. Ka saarida xaddidaadyadan ayaa si weyn u hagaajin kara tayada fiilooyinka.

Let’s start with some terminology. Waxaan ku qeexnaa xargaha xaglaha aan loo meel dayin sida xarigga siligga iyadoo la adeegsanayo qeybaha xaglaha ee aan loo meel dayin iyo shucaaca. Waa nooc ka mid ah fiilooyinka siligga, laakiin kuma koobna adeegsiga kaliya 90 digrii iyo 45 darajooyinka xagal xaglaha. Topological wiring is wire wiring that does not adhere to grids and coordinates and does not use regular or irregular grids like shape-based wiring. Aynu qeexno erayga xarig dabacsan sida xarig silig oo aan lahayn qaab go’an oo awood u siinaya dib-u-xisaabinta qaabka siligga waqtiga-dhabta ah si loo gaaro fursadaha isbeddelka soo socda. Kaliya arcyada ka yimaada caqabadaha iyo taangiyadooda caadiga ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa samaynta qaabka xariiqda. (Obstacles include pins, copper foil, forbidden areas, holes and other objects) part of the circuit of two PCB models. Fiilooyinka cagaaran iyo kuwa guduudan waxay ku dul socdaan lakabyo kala duwan ee tusaalaha PCB. The blue circles are the perforations. The red element is highlighted. There are also some red round pins. Use only line segments and models with an Angle of 90 degrees between them. Jaantuska 1B waa PCB -ga oo isticmaalaya arcs iyo xaglo aan loo meel -dayin. Wiring at any Angle may seem strange, but it does have many advantages. The way it is wired is very similar to how engineers wired it by hand half a century ago. Waxay muujineysaa PCB dhab ah oo ay soo saartay 1972 shirkad Mareykan ah oo la yiraahdo Digibarn si loogu xiro fiilooyinka gacanta oo dhammaystiran. This is a PCB board based on Intel8008 computer. Fiilooyinka xaglaha aan loo meel dayin ee lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2 dhab ahaantii waa isku mid. Waa maxay sababta ay u isticmaali doonaan xargaha xaglaha aan loo meel dayin? Sababtoo ah fiilooyinka noocan ahi waxay leeyihiin faa’iidooyin badan. Arbitrary Angle wiring has many advantages. Marka hore, iyadoo aan la isticmaalin xaglaha u dhexeeya qaybaha laynka waxay badbaadineysaa booska PCB (polygons -ka had iyo jeer waxay qaadataa meel ka badan taangiyada). Traditional automatic cablers can place only three wires between adjacent components (see left and center in Figure 3). Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka la xirayo Xagasha kasta, waxaa jira meel ku filan oo lagu dhigi karo 4 xarig isla waddada iyada oo aan la jebin jeegga xeerka naqshadeynta (DRC). Ka soo qaad inaan heysano chip -hab wanaagsan oo aan rabno inaan ku xirno biinanka chip laba biin oo kale. Using only 90 degrees takes up a lot of space. Isticmaalka fiilooyinka xaglaha ah ee aan loo meel dayin waxay soo gaabin kartaa masaafada u dhexeysa guntinta iyo biinanka kale, iyadoo la yareynayo raad -raaca. In this case, the area was reduced from 30 square centimeters to 23 square centimeters. Ku -wareejinta jajabka xag kasta wuxuu kaloo bixin karaa natiijooyin wanaagsan. In this case, the area was reduced from 23 square centimeters to 10 square centimeters. It shows a real PCB. Arbitrary Angle wiring with rotating chip function is the only wiring method for this circuit board. Tani ma aha aragti kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale waa xal wax ku ool ah (mararka qaarkood xalka kaliya ee suurtogalka ah). Shows an example of a simple PCB. Natiijooyinka silsiladda topology, halka natiijooyinka tooska ah ee tooska ah ee ku saleysan qaabka ugu wanaagsan ay yihiin sawirrada PCB -ga dhabta ah. An automatic cabler based on optimal shape cannot do this because the components are rotated at arbitrary angles. Waxaad u baahan tahay aag badan, oo haddii aadan isku shaandhayn qaybaha, aaladda waa in la weyneeyo. Waxqabadka qaab -dhismeedka si weyn ayaa loo wanaajin lahaa iyada oo aan la helin qaybo isbarbar socda, kuwaas oo inta badan ah il -gooyo. The level of crosstalk increases linearly as the length of parallel wires increases. As the spacing between parallel wires increases, crosstalk decreases quadratic. Let’s set the level of crosstalk produced by two parallel 1mm wires spaced d to e. Haddii ay jirto Xaglo u dhaxaysa qaybaha siligga, markaa marka ay Xagluhu kor u kacdo, heerka dariiqa ayaa hoos u dhacaya. The crosstalk does not depend on the length of the wire, but only on the Angle value: where α represents the Angle between the wire segments. Tixgeli saddexda hab ee fiilooyinka ee soo socda. On the left side of Figure 8 (90 degree layout), there is the maximum wire length and the maximum emi value due to parallel line segments. In the middle of Figure 8 (45 degree layout), the wire length and emi values are reduced. On the right-hand side (at any Angle), the wire length is shortest and there are no parallel wire segments, so the interference value is negligible. So arbitrary Angle wiring helps to reduce the total wire length and significantly reduce electromagnetic interference. You also remember the effect on signal delay (conductors should not be parallel and should not be perpendicular to the PCB fiberglass). Advantages of flexible wiring Manual and automatic movement of components does not destroy the wiring in flexible wiring. Xadhiguhu wuxuu si otomaatig ah u xisaabiyaa qaabka ugu fiican ee siligga (iyadoo la tixgelinayo nadiifinta badbaadada lagama maarmaanka ah). Fiilooyinka dabacsan ayaa sidaas darteed aad u yareyn kara waqtiga loo baahan yahay si loo habeeyo topology -ga, si fiican u taageeraya dib -u -soo -kabashada badan si loo daboolo caqabadaha. Tani waxay muujinaysaa naqshadda PCB -ga oo dhex marta godadka iyo meelaha laanta. Inta lagu jiro dhaqdhaqaaqa otomaatiga ah, dhibcaha laanta siligga iyo daloolada waxaa lagu hagaajiyaa booska ugu habboon. In most computer-aided design (CAD) systems, the wiring interconnection problem is reduced to the problem of sequentially finding paths between pairs of points in a maze of pads, forbidden areas, and laid wires. Marka waddo la helo, waa la hagaajiyaa oo waxay ka mid noqotaa majaarka. Faa’iido darrada silsiladaha isku xigxiga ayaa ah in natiijada xariggu ay ku xirnaan karto amarka xarigga. Marka tayada topologi -ku ay weli ka fog tahay kaamil, dhibaatada “ku dhegista” waxay ka dhacdaa aagag yar oo maxalli ah. But no matter which wire you rewire, it’s not going to improve the quality of the wiring. This is a serious problem in all CAD systems using sequential optimization. This is where the bending elimination process is useful. Xag -leexashada siligga waxaa loola jeedaa ifafaalaha ah in silig ku jira hal shabakad ay tahay inay ku dul wareegto shay shabakad kale si ay u hesho shay. Rewiring a wire will not correct this. Tusaalaha foorarsiga ayaa la muujiyay. A lit red wire travels around a pin in the other network, and an unlit red wire connects to this pin. Natiijooyinka farsamaynta otomaatiga ah ayaa la soo bandhigaa. In the second case (on another layer), a lighted green wire is automatically rewired by changing the wiring layer (from green to red). Eliminate wire bending by automatically optimizing wire shape (approximate arcs with line segments just to show any Angle examples without arcs). (top) original design, (bottom) after eliminating bending design. Fiilooyinka gaduudan ee laaban ayaa la iftiimiyay. Geedka Steiner, dhammaan khadadka waa in lagu xiraa sida qeybaha geesaha (meelaha ugu dambeeya iyo wax lagu daro). Xagga sare ee xayndaab kasta oo cusub, saddex qaybood waa inay isu yimaadaan oo aan ka badnayn saddex qaybood waa inay dhammaadaan. The Angle between the line segments that converge to the vertex shall not be less than 120 degrees. Ma aha wax aad u adag in lagu dhiso Steiner leh sifooyinkan shuruudaysan ee ku filan, laakiin ma aha wax yar. Gray Steiner trees are not optimal, but black Steiner trees are. Naqshadeynta isgaarsiinta ee wax ku oolka ah, noocyada kala duwan ee caqabadaha waa in la tixgeliyaa. Waxay xaddidaan awoodda ay u leeyihiin inay dhisaan geedaha ugu yar ee fidsan iyagoo adeegsanaya algorithms -ka iyo geedaha Steiner -ka iyagoo adeegsanaya hababka joometeriga. The obstacles are shown in gray and we recommend starting at any end vertex. If there is more than one adjacent terminating vertex, you should choose one that allows you to continue using the second vertex. It depends on the Angle. Farsamaynta ugu weyn ee halkan ayaa ah algorithm xoog ku saleysan oo xisaabisa xoogagga ku shaqeynaya darfaha cusub oo si isdaba joog ah ugu dhaqaajinaya meel isle’eg (baaxadda iyo jihada xoogagga waxay ku xiran tahay fiilooyinka ku yaal meelaha laanta ku dhow). Haddii Xagasha u dhaxaysa labo qaybood oo xariijin ah oo ku xiran xayndaab (terminus ama ku -darid) ay ka yar tahay 120 darajo, dhibic laan ayaa lagu dari karaa, ka dibna algorithm farsamo ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hagaajiyo booska xarafka. It’s worth noting that simply sorting all angles in descending order and adding new vertices in that order doesn’t work, and the result is worse. After adding a new node, you should check the minimum of a subnet consisting of four pins:

1. If a vertex is added to the vicinity of another newly added vertex, check for the smallest four-pin network.

2. If the four-pin network is not minimal, select a pair of “diagonal” (belonging to the quadrilateral diagonal) endpoints or virtual terminal nodes (virtual terminal nodes – wire bends).

3. The line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the nearest new vertex is replaced by the line segment that connects the endpoint (virtual endpoint) to the distant new vertex.

4. Use mechanical algorithms to optimize vertex positions.

This method does not guarantee to build the smallest network, but compared with other methods, it can achieve the smallest network length without grazing. Waxa kale oo ay u oggolaanaysaa aagagga laga mamnuucay isku -xidhka dhammaadka, tirada tirooyinka barta -dhammaadku waxay noqon kartaa mid aan loo meel -dayin.

Flexible wiring at any Angle has some other interesting advantages. For example, if you can automatically move many objects with the help of automatic real-time wire shape recalculation, you can create parallel serpentine lines. This cabling method makes better use of space, minimizes the number of iterations, and allows for flexible use of tolerances. If there are two serpentine lines interlaced with each other, the automatic cabler will reduce the length of one or both, depending on rule priority.

Consider the wiring of BGA components. In the traditional peripheral-to-center approach, the number of channels to the periphery is reduced by 8 with each successive layer (due to a reduction in perimeter). For example, a 28x28mm component with 784 pins requires 10 layers. Qaar ka mid ah lakabyada jaantuska ayaa ka baxsaday xarigga. Jaantuska 16 wuxuu muujinayaa rubuc BGA ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, marka la adeegsanayo habka xargaha “xarunta ilaa dhexda”, tirada kanaallada loo baahan yahay inay ka baxaan durdurradu isma beddelaan lakab ilaa lakab. Tani waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigi doontaa tirada lakabyada. Cabbirka qaybta 28x28mm, 7 lakab ayaa ku filan. Qeybaha waaweyn, waa guul-guul. Figure 17 shows a quarter of the BGA. An example of BGA wiring is shown. When using the “center to periphery” cabling approach, we can complete the cabling of all networks. Fiilooyinka tooska ah ee tooska ah ee Xaglo -toosiyeedku wuu samayn karaa. Traditional automatic cablers cannot route this example. Shows an example of a real PCB where the engineer reduced the number of signal layers from 6 to 4 (compared to the specification). In addition, it took engineers only half a day to complete the wiring of the PCB.